From:  Functional lignin hydrogels for biosensors and biomedical therapy

 Lignin-based hydrogels versus natural polymer hydrogels.

HydrogelTensile strengthSwelling ratio (%)ConductivityDegradation timeUV- ShieldingReferences
Lignin-hydrogel~0.5–4 MPa~200–5,000%~10–3–10 S/m~2–6 weeks (depending on crosslinking)~90–99% UV blocking[3941]
Chitosan~0.2–2 MPa200–350%~10–5–10–3 S/m~1–4 weeks~40–60% UV blocking[42, 43]
PVA~0.1–3 MPa~100–500%~0.38 mS/cm to 2.8 mS/cm~3–8 weeks~20–40% UV blocking[44, 45]
PEG~0.05–1.5 MPa~200–1,500%~10–6 to 10–3 S/m~days to weeksNegligible UV shielding[46, 47]