“Visual fingerprints” of signals from 4 informative sensors for subjects of Group 1 at points 10 and 30 min after the moment of urea loading in exhaled air samples and at the initial point (before loading, 0 min).
Description of the volunteers’ condition at the time of testing
Comparison of signal fingerprints at zero load level (pink) and after 10 min (blue)
Comparison of signal fingerprints at zero load level (pink) and after 30 min (blue)
Final conclusion on sensory evaluation
T1.0, H. pylori test is negative
Negative, H. pylori not active
d, %
4.9 (not significant difference, –)
2.3 (–)
U1.0, H. pylori test is negative, there is discomfort in the stomach
Negative, H. pylori not active, possible inflammation in the esophagus/colonization with other urease-active bacteria
d, %
25 (significant difference, +)
–11 (–)
K1.0, H. pylori test not performed, stomach discomfort, pain on an empty stomach
Positive, high probability of H. pylori activity
d, %
32 (++)
40 (noticeable, ++)
K1.1, H. pylori test not performed, after seven days of diet and regular meals
Negative, H. pylori not active
d, %
4 (–)
13 (–)
G1.0.1, severe aching pain in the stomach and back, painful reaction to food, nausea (before the H. pylori test), 10/03/2022
Negative, H. pylori is not active, inflammation in the esophagus is possible
The relative difference in the area of the figures, d, %, correlates with the classification of the degrees of contamination of the mucous membrane of Helicobacter pylori based on the number of microbial bodies in the field of view: lack of activity (–), weak (+) is up to 20 microbial bodies; the average (++) is up to 40 microbial bodies.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the volunteers and clinical partners involved in the study for their participation and support.
Author contributions
TAK: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Writing—review & editing. DM: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. RU: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. AK: Resources, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical approval
This study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko, approval number VSMU-2020-07.
Consent to participate
Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Funding
This research was supported by internal grants of the Institute, and no external funding was received. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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