From:  Novel research in the field of non-invasive diagnostics of Helicobacter pylori utilizing a library of chemical piezoelectric sensors and portable devices

 Biomarkers—quantitative and objective indicators of disease presence, severity, therapeutic efficacy/toxicity, and patient stratification in clinical trials—are central to diagnostic development.

MetabolitesBioassay: disease/metabolic disorder/pathogenic condition
AcetaldehydeBlood: aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, alcoholism
Propanol-1Saliva: celiac disease
Exhaled air: cancer
Blood: diabetes
Butanol-1Blood: diabetes
Propanone-2Blood: alcohol intoxication, kidney disease, pancreatic cancer
Exhaled air: allergic asthma, asthma
Urine: breast cancer, lung cancer, diabetes
Butanone-2Blood: alcohol intoxication
Exhaled air: asthma, cancer
Urine: breast cancer
Butanoic acidExhaled air: asthma
Saliva: dental caries
Urine: AIDS, eosinophilic esophagitis
2-Hydroxypropanoic acidBile: malignant neoplasms of the liver and biliary tract
Blood: esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease, gastric esophageal cancer, acute ethanol intoxication, childhood liver failure syndrome
Cell cytoplasm: oxygen starvation
Urine: bladder cancer, colorectal; propionic acidemia, type 1 diabetes
Butoxy-butane-1It is not a natural metabolite of the body and is only found in people who are exposed to this compound or its derivatives (poisoning)
MethanamineBlood: uremia
Urine: eosinophilic esophagitis
AcetoneExhaled air samples
Diabetes, gastritis [15]
EthanolExhaled air, sweat
H. pylori infection, alcohol exposure [18]
IsopreneSweat (with changes in metabolism)
Oncological diseases [18]
HydrogenExhaled air (after a balanced diet)
Indigestion of food

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.