Table Info

Table 1.

Summary of current and potential future pharmacotherapies for HDV infection

Drug	Class	Route	Status	Dose	Duration
PEG-IFNα [15–21]	Immunomodulator	Subcutaneous	Off-label^#	PEG-IFNα-2a: 180 µg/week PEG-IFNα-2b: 1.5 µg/kg/week	48 weeks
PEG-IFNλ [22–25]	Immunomodulator	Subcutaneous	Phase III	120 or 180 μg/weekly^‡	48 weeks
Bulevirtide [30–40]	NTCP receptor blocker	Subcutaneous	Approved°°	2 mg daily**	Unclear
Lonafarnib [43–46]	Prenylation inhibitor	Oral	Phase III	50 mg to 200 mg, twice daily^‡	Unclear
REP 2139 [43, 47–50]	Nucleic acid polymers	Intravenous	Phase III	500 mg weekly^‡	Unclear
ALN-HDV [51]	Viral RNA silencers	Subcutaneous	Phase II	Trials ongoing
GI-18000 [52]	Immune response stimulators	Subcutaneous	Phase II	Trials ongoing

^‡ Limited data from trials; °° approved by European Medicines Agency, not US-FDA approved; ** recommended by European Medicines Agency, higher doses of 5 mg and 10 mg have been evaluated in trials; ^# recommended off-label in the treatment of HDV, not formally approved. HDV: hepatitis D virus; IFN: interferon; NTCP: Sodium Taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide; PEG-IFNα: pegylated-IFNα

Declarations

Acknowledgments

During the preparation of this work, Figure 1 was created using OpenAI’s ChatGPT version April 2025. This tool was utilized to visually communicate a complex concept for which no suitable copyright-free image was available from conventional sources. After using the tool, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Author contributions

GSZ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft. AJ: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

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Not applicable.

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Availability of data and materials

The data analyzed in the preparation of the manuscript is mostly available free of cost over the Internet. The corresponding author can be contacted for any concerns or clarifications regarding data availability.

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