Exploration of Digestive Diseases

Table 4. Published studies of EUS-RFA for primary and secondary liver malignancies.

Author	Year	No of patient	Tumor type and location	Reported outcomes
Attili et al. [4]	2018	1	HCC (HCV cirrhosis) segment VIII (25 × 20 mm)	No procedure-related complication MRI at 1 month: complete disappearance
de Nucci et al. [3]	2020	1	HCC (cirrhosis), large subcapsular lesion (30 × 45 mm) in segment II-III-IVb	Complication: transient and reversible mild liver decompensation Two EUS-RFA sessions, CT scan: ~70% tumor reduction
Katrevula et al. [14]	2023	1	HCC (HBV cirrhosis), caudate lobe (20 × 16 mm)	Complication: mild self-limiting pain MRI at 3 months: complete response
De et al. [15]	2024	1	HCC (MetALD cirrhosis), caudate lobe (16 × 19 mm)	No procedure-related complication MRI at 3 months: complete response
Harwani et al. [16]	2025	5	HCC (cirrhosis due to HBV and NASH), lesions in segments I, VI, II, and III; multifocal at II and III; multifocal at II, III, VIII, and VII-VIII junction; multifocal at II, III, and VI Size ranged from 7 × 11 mm to 34 × 38 mm	No procedural adverse event CT scan at 1 month: complete response in 4 patients. Partial response in 1 patient due to difficult access (VII/VIII). Repeat EUS-RFA achieved complete response
Dancour et al. [17]	2022	14	Liver metastasis (mainly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic NET and colon cancer) 24 liver metastases including right lobe (n = 8); median size 20 mm	2 complications (jaundice and asymptomatic gallbladder hematoma) Reported median overall survival: 16 months Technical success (the definition was > 80% ablation on CT scan) was achieved for 15 of the 20 liver metastases evaluated

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Response assessments were reported according to the criteria used in the original publications and may not be directly comparable across studies. CT: computed tomography; EUS-RFA: endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: hepatitis C virus; MetALD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease with increased alcohol intake; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NET: neuroendocrine tumor.

Declarations

Author contributions

CRAL: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SS: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. IH: Supervision, Validation. RAG: Supervision, Validation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana, who is the Editorial Board Member and Guest Editor of Exploration of Digestive Diseases, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This retrospective case series was approved by the Medistra Hospital Health Research Ethics Committee, Number: 221/K-LKJ/ETIK/VI/2025. The approval covered the retrospective review of medical records of patients with liver malignancies who underwent EUS-RFA, including hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal liver metastasis, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor liver metastasis. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

The requirement for individual consent was waived by the Ethics Committee because of the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized data.

Consent to publication

The present study is a retrospective case series based on de-identified medical record data, and all CT and EUS images included in the manuscript are fully anonymized and do not contain identifiable patient information.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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