Exploration of Digestive Diseases

Table 3. Clinical characteristics, procedural parameters, and radiologic outcomes of patients undergoing EUS-RFA.

Case	Age (years)	Diagnosis	Lesion site	Baseline size (mm)	Follow-up duration (month)	Ablation power (watts)	Total ablation time	EUS access route	Imaging modality at follow-up	Response criteria	Response	Additional treatment
1	80	HCC (Child Pugh score 8)	Segment II	50	1	5–20	3 min	Transgastric (lesser curvature)	CT scan	mRECIST	Stable disease	Atezolizumab + bevacizumab
2	67	HCC (Child Pugh score 6)	Multifocal (segments III and VIII)	Segment III: 36 and 23; segment VIII: 21	1	15–25	8 min 30 s	Transgastric (lesser curvature)	MRI	mRECIST	Stable disease	None
3	82	iCCA	Intrahepatic	53	4	15–30	6 min	Transgastric (lesser curvature)	CT scan	RECIST 1.1	Stable disease	Durvalumab
4	65	CRLM	Caudate lobe	23	4	15–30	5 min	Transduodenal (second portion of duodenum)	CT scan	RECIST 1.1	Stable disease	None
5	83	PNET liver metastasis	Multifocal (left liver lobe)	12 and 32	8	5–30	10 min	Transgastric (lesser curvature)	MRI	RECIST 1.1	Progressive disease	None

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CRLM: colorectal liver metastasis; CT: computed tomography; EUS-RFA: endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; iCCA: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; mRECIST: modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PNET: pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.

Declarations

Author contributions

CRAL: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SS: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. IH: Supervision, Validation. RAG: Supervision, Validation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana, who is the Editorial Board Member and Guest Editor of Exploration of Digestive Diseases, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This retrospective case series was approved by the Medistra Hospital Health Research Ethics Committee, Number: 221/K-LKJ/ETIK/VI/2025. The approval covered the retrospective review of medical records of patients with liver malignancies who underwent EUS-RFA, including hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal liver metastasis, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor liver metastasis. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

The requirement for individual consent was waived by the Ethics Committee because of the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized data.

Consent to publication

The present study is a retrospective case series based on de-identified medical record data, and all CT and EUS images included in the manuscript are fully anonymized and do not contain identifiable patient information.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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