Exploration of Digestive Diseases

Table 1. Clinical timeline and follow-up outcomes of patients undergoing EUS-RFA.

Timepoint	Clinical event
Timepoint	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4	Case 5
Month 0	Diagnosis of HCC, unsuitable for percutaneous ablation	Diagnosis of multifocal HCC, unsuitable for percutaneous ablation	Diagnosis of iCCA, unsuitable for percutaneous ablation	Diagnosis of CRLM, unsuitable for percutaneous ablation	Diagnosis of PNET liver metastasis, unsuitable for percutaneous ablation
Month 0	EUS-RFA performed	EUS-RFA performed	EUS-RFA performed	EUS-RFA performed	EUS-RFA performed
Month 1	CT scan → stable disease (mRECIST)	MRI → stable disease (mRECIST)	Not performed	Not performed	Not performed
Month 4	Not performed	Not performed	CT scan → stable disease (RECIST)	CT scan → stable disease (RECIST)	Not performed
Month 8	Not performed	Not performed	Not performed	Not performed	MRI → progressive disease (RECIST)

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CRLM: colorectal liver metastasis; CT: computed tomography; EUS-RFA: endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; iCCA: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; mRECIST: modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PNET: pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.

Declarations

Author contributions

CRAL: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SS: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. IH: Supervision, Validation. RAG: Supervision, Validation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana, who is the Editorial Board Member and Guest Editor of Exploration of Digestive Diseases, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This retrospective case series was approved by the Medistra Hospital Health Research Ethics Committee, Number: 221/K-LKJ/ETIK/VI/2025. The approval covered the retrospective review of medical records of patients with liver malignancies who underwent EUS-RFA, including hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal liver metastasis, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor liver metastasis. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

The requirement for individual consent was waived by the Ethics Committee because of the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized data.

Consent to publication

The present study is a retrospective case series based on de-identified medical record data, and all CT and EUS images included in the manuscript are fully anonymized and do not contain identifiable patient information.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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