Standardized clinical scores and severity scales for the assessment of neurological and systemic involvement in cirrhosis.
| Score/Scale | Domain assessed | Key clinical threshold & utility | Key references |
|---|---|---|---|
| WH | Over HE severity. | Grades 3–4: Significant risk of aspiration; requires intensive care and airway protection. | [27] |
| PHES | Cognitive function in HE. | A score of ≤ 4 SD establishes the diagnosis of covert HE; assesses psychomotor speed and attention. | [41, 47] |
| MELD Score | 3-month mortality and transplant priority. | Serves as the gold standard for OLT prioritization; poor correlation with RLS severity. | [49] |
| CTP | Liver disease severity and prognosis. | Class C: Associated with a 79.31% prevalence of neuropathy and higher postoperative mortality (63.1%). | [50, 51] |
| NEWS & CLIF-SOFA | Systemic infection and ACLF. | Validated tools for identifying occult sepsis and discriminating the risk of serious adverse events. | [52, 53] |
ACLF: acute-on-chronic liver failure; CLIF-SOFA: Chronic Liver Failure-Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh; MELD: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; NEWS: National Early Warning Score; OLT: orthotopic liver transplantation; PHES: Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score; RLS: restless legs syndrome; WH: West Haven.
LEFG: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. VAFG: Data curation, Investigation, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft. LAGT: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing—original draft. AAPG: Data curation, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft. SBH: Data curation, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft. HCM: Data curation, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft. IEB: Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Validation, Writing—review & editing. CACH: Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Validation, Writing—review & editing. RPNQ: Data curation, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft. ANR: Data curation, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
© The Author(s) 2026.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.