From:  The neurological burden of cirrhosis: a comprehensive clinical review of mechanisms, diagnosis, and management

 The paradigm shift in cirrhosis management.

Clinical challengeOutdated practiceContemporary evidence-based paradigmClinical evidenceKey references
Nutritional supportProtein restriction to reduce NH3 load.High-protein diet (1.2–1.5 g/kg/day) and late-night snacks.Restriction exacerbates sarcopenia; skeletal muscle is vital for compensatory NH3 detoxification.[1113]
Neuroimaging in AMSRoutine head CT for all cirrhotic patients with AMS.Deferred neuroimaging unless focal deficits or trauma are present.Diagnostic yield is extremely low (0.3%) and does not correlate with the severity of coagulopathy.[9, 10, 14]
Coagulation status“Auto-anticoagulation” myth based on elevated PT/INR.Precarious rebalanced hemostasis; risk for both ICH and ischemic stroke.Standard tests fail to reflect the parallel decline of pro- and anticoagulant factors.[1517]
Muscle crampsUse of quinidine derivatives.Pickle juice, Baclofen, or Taurine.Quinine is no longer recommended due to cardiac toxicity; pickle juice triggers inhibitory oropharyngeal neural reflexes.[1821]
Sleep managementStandard hypnotics (Benzodiazepines or Z-drugs).Bright light therapy or hydroxyzine.Benzodiazepines precipitate HE; Z-drugs are associated with high exposure/toxicity in cirrhosis.[2224]

AMS: altered mental status; CT: computed tomography; ICH: intracranial hemorrhage; INR: international normalized ratio; PT: prothrombin time.