From:  Hepatic immunopathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: from acute liver injury to hypothesis-driven links with hepatocarcinogenesis

 Cell-type-specific contributions to CCHFV-associated hepatic injury.

Cell typeMain evidenceDominant roleInjury mechanismEvidence gap
HepatocytesViral antigen/RNA in liver; replication in Huh7 cellsViral replication and parenchymal stressApoptosis, cytopathic injury, transaminase elevationQuantitative in vivo replication burden unclear
Kupffer cellsAntigen detection; macrophage perturbation in modelsCytokine amplification and innate immune activationTNF/IL-6/IL-1β-driven immunopathology, immune-cell recruitmentProductive replication versus immune sensing unresolved
Sinusoidal endothelial cellsEndothelial antigen detection in pathologyVascular activation and barrier dysfunctionLeakage, hemorrhage, sinusoidal injury, coagulopathy interfaceLiver-specific replication hierarchy unclear
Infiltrating monocytes/DCsMononuclear phagocyte involvementSystemic immune amplificationCytokine storm, inflammatory traffickingLiver-specific contribution not well quantified

CCHFV: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.