From:  Neurological diseases associated with gut–brain axis: pathophysiology, clinical implications, and therapeutics

 Future perspectives in managing gut–brain axis disorders.

Therapeutic areaExamples of current/emerging trials
Microbiome modulation [180, 181]FMT for Parkinson’s-related constipation; targeted probiotics for MS-associated dysbiosis
Barrier restoration [182]Agents enhancing tight junction integrity in IBD and neurodegenerative disease
Neuromodulation [159]Vagus nerve stimulation for gastroparesis and autonomic dysfunction
Anti-inflammatory strategies [179]Cytokine-targeted therapies assessing cognitive and mood outcomes in IBD
Metabolic therapies [183, 184]Ammonia-lowering agents and astrocyte-targeted treatments for hepatic encephalopathy

FMT: fecal microbiota transplantation; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease.