Exploration of Digestive Diseases

Table 1. Key lncRNAs, pathways, and functions in HCC.

LncRNAs	Pathway/Process	Function	Clinical relevance	Reference
LINC00958	Lipid metabolism	Promotes lipogenesis and tumor progression	Upregulated in HCC, associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis	[121]
PAPAS	miR-188-5p axis	Promotes cell proliferation/tumor progression	Involved in tumour progression; possible function in transcriptional dysregulation in cancer	[122]
TUG1	miR-137/AKT2 axis	Promotes cell proliferation and invasion	High expression correlates with advanced stage, poor prognosis, and therapy resistance	[123]
LINC01503	MAPK/ERK pathway	Activates MAPK/ERK signaling, promoting tumor growth and metastasis	Associated with aggressive tumor behavior and unfavorable prognosis	[124]
HULC	NF-κB pathway	Modulates inflammation and immune responses, contributing to HCC progression	Poor prognosis, early diagnosis	[125]
TINCR	miR-375/ATG7 axis	Regulates cell proliferation and invasion	Overexpression is associated with tumour advancement and reduced overall survival	[126]
lnc-PIK3R1	PI3K/AKT pathway	Inhibits tumor progression by modulating the PI3K/AKT pathway	Dysregulation associated with HCC development and pathway-driven oncogenesis	[127]
LncRNA NORAD	miR-211-5p/FOXD1/VEGF-A axis	Promotes proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis	Overexpression correlates with advanced stage and poor prognosis	[128]
CASC2	miR-155/SOCS1 axis	Regulates cell proliferation and invasion	Reduced expression in HCC is linked to a poorer prognosis	[129]
USP27X-AS1	USP7-mediated AKT stabilisation	Promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression	Overexpression predicts aggressive phenotype and poor clinical outcome	[130]
MALAT1	MAPK/ERK, apoptosis, EMT	EMT, apoptosis, metastasis	Post-transplant recurrence, survival	[113]
NEAT1	IL-6/STAT3 signaling	Invasion, ferroptosis, metastasis, proliferation, drug resistance	Drug resistance, poor outcome	[131]

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LncRNAs: long non-coding RNAs; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; PAPAS: promoter and pre-rRNA antisense; TUG1: taurine upregulated gene 1; AKT2: AKT serine/threonine kinase 2; MAPK/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HULC: highly upregulated in liver cancer; TINCR: terminal differentiation-induced non-coding RNA; ATG7: autophagy related 7; PI3K/AKT: phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B; NORAD: non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage; CASC2: cancer susceptibility candidate 2; MALAT1: metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; NEAT1: nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1.

Declarations

Author contributions

M Sulaiman: Writing—original draft, Conceptualization. YN: Writing—original draft, Conceptualization. ZC: Resources, Data curation. UEH: Formal analysis. FR: Funding acquisition. MMY: Visualization, Validation. ZZ: Visualization, Validation. M Sher: Conceptualization. MY: Funding acquisition. SY: Resources, Data curation, Supervision. CS: Resources, Data curation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

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Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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