From:  Salivary biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease

 Summary.

TypeSalivary biomarkersIBD diagnosticsReferences
Inflammatory proteinsIL-6, MMP-10, Th17, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-17A, calprotectinIL-6 showed the highest specificity among inflammatory biomarkers, with calprotectin showing high specificity in pediatric IBD[13, 23, 26–35]
Heat shock proteins (HSP)HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, anti-HSP70Although HSP concentrations are altered in IBD intestinal tissues, more studies should be done on their concentration in the saliva of IBD patients[37–39]
MicrobialPrevotella, Veillonella, Streptococcus, EnterobacteriaIBD patients showed reduced salivary diversity, specifically an enrichment of Prevotella and Veillonella alongside a depletion of core commensals like Streptococcus[26, 41–45]
Oxidative stressAOPPs, AGEsOxidative stress salivary markers are used to determine the severity of the gut inflammation, but they lack long term prognostic abilities[49–52]
Genetic and transcriptomicmiR-21, miR-31, miR-101, miR-142-3p, miR-142-5p,
exosomal miRNA		Salivary miRNAs showed a difference between UC and CD. Exosome-based transcriptomic analysis has improved the stability of salivary microRNAs, offering high precision in differentiating IBD phenotypes[22, 53]
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AGEs: advanced glycated end-products; AOPPs: advanced oxidation protein products; CD: Crohn’s disease; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; UC: ulcerative colitis.