From:  Salivary biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease

 Salivary biomarkers in IBD.

Salivary biomarkerFindingsSpecificityReferences
IL-6Consistently elevated, correlates with endoscopic activityHigh specificity, least affected by oral inflammation among cytokines[13, 23, 26–29]
MMP-10Identified as elevated alongside IL-6 in proteomic analysisPotential systemic specificity[31]
Th17-derived cytokinesElevated alongside IL-16Low specificity, influenced by oral inflammation and demographic factors[30]
TNF-αElevated mainly in the presence of periodontal inflammationLow specificity largely reflects oral inflammatory status[23, 31]
IL-10Reduced levels of CD compared with controls[23, 31]
IL-1βMore elevated in UC than in CD[23, 31]
IL-17ANo differences were observed in comparison with healthy controls-[31]
CalprotectinNo differences between IBD patients and controlsLimited specificity in saliva, except in pediatric IBD with oral manifestations[26, 32–35]
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IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: ulcerative colitis.