Table Info

Table 3.

Evidence for possible pro-inflammatory activity of antidepressants

Data source	Mechanism	Drug(s) implicated
In vitro models	Increased production of IL-6 and TNF-α from macrophages [118]	Fluoxetine
Animal models	Increase in IL-2 and in CD8+ cell count over 3 weeks of treatment [119]	Fluoxetine
Human studies	Decrease in IL-4 over 6 months of treatment [114]	Nortriptyline, citalopram
	Decrease in IL-10 over 8 weeks of treatment [40]	Antidepressants in general
	Increase in NK and B cell counts over 1 year [120]	SSRIs
	Decrease in CD4+ cell counts over 8 weeks [121]	Venlafaxine
	Increased requirement for steroid therapy in UC [122]	Antidepressants in general
	Increased risk of microscopic colitis [123]	SSRIs

Declarations

Author contributions

RPR: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. The author has read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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