Summarizing documented clinical manifestations, gut microbial profiles, and conventional and new microbial-related therapies in proteinopathies
ND
Hallmarks
Clinical manifestations
Conventional therapies
Gut microbial profile
New microbial-related therapies
PD
Lewy bodies
Bradykinesia, tremor or postural instabilityConstipation
L-DOPA, dopaminergic agonists, MAO-B inhibitors and COMT inhibitors
Reduction of anti-inflammatory species and greater abundance of pro-inflammatory Enterobacteriaceae [13, 53, 66, 69, 70]SIBO and Helicobacter pylori infection [79, 87, 88]
Probiotic containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Bifidobacerium strains [79, 89–91]Regular intake of Bacillus spp. [66, 94, 95]Regular consumption of synbiotics [96]FMT [101, 102]
AD
Senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles
Progressive loss of memory, language and learning capabilities
To increase acetylcholine levelsTo decrease NMDA glutamate receptors activity
Reduction in gut microbiota diversity [123]Differences in Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio [124]Helicobacter pylori infection [125, 126]Larger proportion of pro-inflammatory Escherichia/ Shigella spp. taxa and lower proportion of anti-inflammatory Eubacterium rectale spp. taxa [127]
Multibiotics [147]Lactobacilli and Bifibodbacterium combinations [148]Probiotic mixture combined with selenium as prebiotic [149]Daily consumption of probiotic-fermented kefir [150]FMT [154]
HD
mHTT aggregations
Depression, dementia, motor alterations and GIT dysfunction
Dopamine inhibitors, anti-excitotoxic compounds and antipsychotic drugs
Conceptualization was agreed by EMP and RM who scanned the literature, retrieved and extracted information from articles referenced in the review. PAG analyzed the literature and also extracted information from articles. EMP and PAG compiled all the information and wrote the first version of the manuscript. RM critically read the manuscript and prepared a second version of the article. All authors edited the manuscript and revised the final submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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