Characteristics of human trials on neuroprotective agents in AIS

ClassDrugStudy referenceYearStudy typeStudy size
NMDA antagonistsNerinetide (ESCAPE-NA1 trial)Hill et al. [8]2020RCT1,105
Nerinetide (ESCAPE-NEXT trial)Hill et al. [8]2020RCT1,020
MemantineBeladi Moghadam et al. [11]2021RCT77
Aptiganel hydro-chlorideAlbers et al. [12]2001RCT628
AR-R15896ARLees et al. [13]2001RCT174
AR-R15896ARDiener et al. [14]2002RCT103
SelfotelDavis et al. [15]2000RCT567
LubeluzoleGandolfo et al. [16]2002SRMA5 RCTs, 3,510
GV150526Lees et al. [17]2001RCT128
GavestinelLees et al. [18]2000RCT1,788
GV150526Dyker et al. [19]1999RCT66
Neu2000 (SONIC trial)Hong et al. [21]2018RCT210
MagnesiumMagnesiumAfshari et al. [26]2013RCT107
Magnesium (IMAGES trial)IMAGES study investigators [24]2004RCT2,589
Magnesium (FAST-MAG pilot trial)Saver et al. [72]2004RCT20
Magnesium (FAST-MAG trial)Shkirkova et al. [25]2017RCT1,130
MagnesiumMcKee et al. [73]2005RCT30
AMPA antagonistZK 200775Walters et al. [22]2005RCT61
GABA agonistClomethiazole (CLASS-I)Lyden et al. [23]2002RCT1,198
Free radical scavengerEdaravoneZheng et al. [27]2016RCT65
EdaravoneSharma et al. [28]2011RCT50
EdaravoneEnomoto et al. [29]2019Retrospective observational study11,508
Edaravone vs. citicolineMitta et al. [30]2012RCT90
EdaravoneShinohara et al. [31]2009RCT386
Edaravone dexborneol vs. edaravoneXu et al. [32]2021RCT1,362
EdaravoneVdovychenko et al. [74]2021Prospective study48
EdaravoneNaganuma et al. [75]2018Retrospective observational study1,114
EdaravoneIshibashi et al. [76]2013Retrospective observational study625
NXY-059 (pooled SAINT I and II trials)Diener et al. [33]2008RCT5,028
NXY-059 (SAINT II trial)Shuaib et al. [34]2007RCT3,306
NXY-059 (SAINT I trial)Lees et al. [35]2006RCT1,722
CiticolineAgarwal et al. [37]2022RCT99
CiticolineWarach et al. [38]2000RCT81
CiticolineDávalos et al. [39]2002SRMA4 RCTS, 1,372
CiticolineKuryata et al. [40]2021RCT96
Calcium channel blockerNimodipineDi Mascio [77]1994SRMA12 RCTs, 1,371
NimodipineThe American Nimodipine Study Group [41]1992RCT1,064
Verapamil (SAVER-1 trial)Fraser et al. [42]2017RCT104
Immune system modulationNatalizumab (ACTION II trial)Elkind et al. [43]2020RCT277
MAPC (MASTERS trial)Hess et al. [44]2017RCT129
MinocyclineNaderi et al. [45]2020Systematic review6 RCTs
MinocyclineMalhotra et al. [46]2018SRMA7 RCTs, 426
MinocyclineKohler et al. [78]2013RCT95
ImatinibWahlgren et al. [47]2017RCT
AntioxidantNACSabetghadam et al. [48]2020RCT68
Co-ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/LuteolinCaltagirone et al. [49]2016Prospective trial250
ButylphthalideZhang et al. [50]2022Retrospective observational study127
Butylphthalide (BAST trial)Zhang et al. [79]2021RCT1,200
HUK (RESK study)Ni et al. [51]2021RCT1,206
MelatoninRamos et al. [52]2020Systematic review6 RCTs
Uric acidChamorro et al. [53]2014RCT411
AlbuminGinsberg et al. [54]2013RCT841
HypoglycaemicsInsulin (SHINE trial)Johnston et al. [55]2019RCT1,151
Glyburide (GAMES)Sheth et al. [57]2014Pilot study10
Glyburide (GAMES-RP)Sheth et al. [58]2016RCT86
Lipid lowering medicationSimvastatinMontaner et al. [59]2008RCT60
Statins (ASSORT trial)Yoshimura et al. [60]2017RCT277
StatinsGuo et al. [61]2021SRMA22 observational studies, 17,554
Low molecular weight peptides from porcine brainCerebrolysinWang et al. [62]2017SRMA6 RCTs, 1,649
NootropicPiracetamRicci et al. [63]2012SRMA3 RCTs, 1,002
Phosphodiesterase inhibitorTheophyllineModrau et al. [64]2020RCT64
BBB preservationEpoEhrenreich et al. [67]2009RCT522
Oxygen transporterDDFPeCulp et al. [68]2019RCT24
MMP inhibitorOtaplimastat (SAFE-TPA)Kim et al. [69]2020RCT69
Activated protein C variant3K3A-activated protein CLyden et al. [70]2019RCT110
Apoptosis inhibitionDapsoneNader-Kawachi et al. [71]2007RCT30