Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy

Table 1. Differences in the contribution of ACs to the multifunction of BPSDS (P) and BSS (B) in 1st standard or 3rd validation evive in multi-cells and/or 2nd rapid ECs-shared AFS rats in vivo using multifunctions comparing ACs {dose = their contents in P and B, calculation by [(ACs – V) – (V – S)] ÷ [(B or P – V) – (V – S)]} and P or B calculation by (D – V) ÷ (V – S).

Ex vivo grouping Group/Contribution/Difference Equation/Group			[(ACs – V) – (V – S)]/[(B or P – V) – (V – S)] (D – V)/(V – S)				Ex vivo-to-in vivo extrapolation: Contribution (%)				Difference (%) comparison of 1st–2nd or 2nd–3rd
			Sham (S)	Vehicle (V)	ACs	BPSDS (P)	Multi-cell (%)	^# In vivo (%)		Rapid ECs (%)	Difference (%) comparison of 1st–2nd or 2nd–3rd
Aorta ECs	Standard	10 ACs	42.67 ± 0.36	71.11 ± 0.04	44.61 ± 0.04	42.96 ± 0.01	ET-1: 96.62	Coronary flow (mm)	96.37	NO: 97.78	1.16
Aorta ECs	Validation	HS	42.67 ± 0.36	71.11 ± 0.04	50.69 ± 0.48	42.96 ± 0.01	ET-1: 86.93	Coronary flow (mm)	87.39	NO: 94.82	6.97
Gastric primary smooth muscle cells (GSMCs)	Standard	10 ACs	19.32 ± 0.58	1.17 ± 0.70	13.97 ± 0.70	11.25 ± 0.70	Contraction: 109.64	Gastric emptying (%)	153.06	NO: 97.78	11.86
Gastric primary smooth muscle cells (GSMCs)	Validation	MF	19.32 ± 0.58	1.17 ± 0.70	10.13 ± 0.47	11.25 ± 0.70	Contraction: 96.03	Gastric emptying (%)	76.97	ROS: 100.09	4.06
GSMCs+ MCP-1	Standard	10 ACs	40 ± 0.74	174.21 ± 3.74	125.99 ± 1.12	100.56 ± 0.75	MCP-1: 87.77	Enteric transmit (%)	114.10	NO: 97.78	10.01
GSMCs+ MCP-1	Validation	HST	40 ± 0.74	174.21 ± 3.74	119.20 ± 3.43	100.56 ± 0.75	MCP-1: 91.03	Enteric transmit (%)	98.72	eNOS: 90.14	0.87
Brain: primary neurovascular unit (NVU)	Standard	10 ACs	0.39 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.19 ± 0.05	0.26 ± 0.02	BDNF: 88.14	Immo-bility (s)	91.43	eNOS: 88.19	3.24
Brain: primary neurovascular unit (NVU)	Validation	MF	7.22 ± 0.19	1.26 ± 0.02	3.58 ± 0.04	3.44 ± 0.02	5-HT: 101.72	Immo-bility (s)	104.58	NO: 100.94	0.78

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^# In vivo (%): result was shown in Table 2; 1st: standard in multi-cells (10 ACs); 2nd: rapid ECs-shared AFS rats in vivo using multifunctions comparing ACs; 3rd: validation in multi-cells (HS/MF/HST). ECs: endothelial cells; AFS: acute forced swimming; B: BSS (Bupleurum chinense Shugan-San); P: BPSDS; ACs: absorbed compounds; 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide; ET-1: endothelin-1; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Unit: ET-1 (pg/mL), contraction (%), MCP-1 (pg/mL), 5-HT (ng/mL), NO (μmol/L), eNOS (μmol/L), ROS (μmol/L).

Supplementary materials

The supplementary materials for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1004159_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Author contributions

XH: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. RZ: Writing—review & editing, Writing—original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. CX: Software, Formal analysis, Data curation. HQ: Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. YH: Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. ZG and QZ: Formal analysis, Data curation. MX, SS, AY, JZ, YL, and CS: Validation, Resources, Data curation. PR: Methodology, Investigation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

All authors declare that they have no known conflict of interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

All animals in this experiment complied with the ethical rules for experimental animals of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Number: 201912A008).

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

Our Research Project was fully supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81973589, 81573797, and 81872967). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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