Experimental studies showing sleep parameters improvement induced by probiotic interventions in PD.
| Study (year) | Probiotic(s) | Duration | Dose/Presentation | Sleep outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human studies | ||||
| Sun et al. (2022) [82] | Probio-M8 (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis) | 3 months | 2 g of Probio-M8 powder (3 × 1010 CFU/day; maltodextrin as excipient) daily | Improved sleep quality on the Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) (p = 0.05). |
| Du et al. (2025) [97] | Bacillus licheniformis, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis | 12 weeks | Bacillus licheniformis (2.5 × 109 CFU/capsule once daily); Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis (each 1.0 × 107 CFU/capsule once daily) | UPDRS scores decreased significantly in the probiotic group, p = 0.048. |
PD: Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.
SPG: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DHT: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing—original draft. FES: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing—original draft. GEB: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. MCRO: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. MGB: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
All authors meet the authorship criteria as defined by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), declare that they have no conflicts of interest, and confirm that no related papers from the same study, nor any similar manuscripts, have been published elsewhere.
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Miguel Germán Borda was supported by the Norwegian Health Association. In addition, this paper represents independent research supported by the Norwegian government, through hospital owner Helse Vest (Western Norway Regional Health Authority). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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