Mechanistic pathways and therapeutic effects of microbiome-targeted interventions in PD.
| Microbiota-targeted strategy | Mechanistic pathways | Examples | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary interventions |
| High-fiber diet and Mediterranean diet. | [27, 42, 63, 64] |
| Prebiotics |
| Resistant fermentable fiber blend (starch and inulin). | [64–67] |
| Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) |
| Randomized placebo-controlled trial of FMT improves autonomic symptoms in PD. | [68, 69] |
| Specific microbial therapies |
| Targeted or engineered strains (e.g., next-generation probiotics, bacteriophages, SCFA-producing bacteria). | [64, 70, 71] |
| Probiotics |
| Lactobacillus + Bifidobacterium regimens. | [27, 72] |
α-syn: alpha-synuclein; SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; PD: Parkinson’s disease.
SPG: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DHT: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing—original draft. FES: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing—original draft. GEB: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. MCRO: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. MGB: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
All authors meet the authorship criteria as defined by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), declare that they have no conflicts of interest, and confirm that no related papers from the same study, nor any similar manuscripts, have been published elsewhere.
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Miguel Germán Borda was supported by the Norwegian Health Association. In addition, this paper represents independent research supported by the Norwegian government, through hospital owner Helse Vest (Western Norway Regional Health Authority). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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