Details of the anticancer efficacy of BD in several human malignancies using in vitro models

Cancer type Cell lines Anti-cancer efficacy Mode of action Concentration (μM) IC50 (anti-proliferation) References
NSCLC A549
NCI-H292
Anti-proliferative ↑ROS, ↑pJNK, ↑Apoptosis;
↑LC3-II, ↑Autophagy
0–40 A549: 17.89 (48 h)
NCI-H292: 14.42
(48 h)
[28]
A549
H460
PC9
H1975
Anti-proliferative A549, H460: ↑pJNK, ↓Bcl-2, ↑BAX, ↑caspase 3 and PARP, ↑Apoptosis 0–12.5 A549: 0.6 (48 h)
H460: 0.5 (48 h)
PC9: 1.0 (48 h)
H1975: 2.7 (48 h)
[41]
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma PANC1
SW1990
CAPAN-1
Anti-proliferative PANC1: ↑p38-MAPK, ↓Bcl-2, ↑BAX, ↑caspase 3 and 8 < 0.1–> 30 PANC1: 2.53 (72 h)
SW1990: 5.21 (72 h)
CAPAN-1: 1.35 (72 h)
[29, 37]
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia K562 Anti-proliferative ↓pAKT and pERK;
↓Ψm, ↑caspase 3 and 9, ↑PARP
0–12 6.37 ± 0.39 (72 h) [44]
TNBC MDA-MB-231 Anti-proliferative
Anti-invasive
Anti-migration
↓PI3K, ↓pAKT, ↑E-cadherins, ↓vimentin and β-catenin, partial EMT reversal 0–100 5.84 (48 h); 2.364 (72 h) [30]
Osteosarcoma MNNG/HOS
U-2OS
MG-63
Saos-2
Anti-proliferative
Anti-invasive
Anti-migration
Anti-CLC
↓pSTAT3, ↓Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK2, ↑Apoptosis; ↓pSTAT3, ↓CD133, SOX2, Oct-4, Nanog 0–20 MNNG/HOS: 0.9 (48 h)
U-2OS: 0.05 (48 h)
MG-63: 0.65 (48 h)
Saos-2: 0.51 (48 h)
[47]
Hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7
Hep3B
Anti-proliferative ↑Proteasome,
↓Total β-catenin,
↓Active
β-catenin,
↓JAG1, ↓NICD,
↑Apoptosis
0–20 Approx. 2.5 (48 h) [45]
Bel7404
HepG2
Hep3B
Huh7
PLC
Anti-proliferative ↓miR-95, ↑CUGBP2, ↑Apoptosis 0.25–1.5 Bal7407: ~1.0 (72 h)
HepG2: ~0.8 (72 h)
Hep3B: ~0.75 (72 h)
Huh7: ~0.6 (72 h)
PLC: ~0.8 (72 h)
[46]

Ψm: mitochondrial membrane potential; CD133: prominin-1; CDK2: cyclin dependent kinase 2; CUGBP2: Elav-like family member 2; JAG1: Jagged1; LC3-II: autophagy marker; Nanog: homeobox protein NANOG; NICD: cleaved intracellular domain of Notch receptor; Oct-4: octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (also known as POU5F1); PARP: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; p38-MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; pAKT: phosphorylated protein kinase B; pERK: phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase; pJNK: phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase; pSTAT3: phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; SOX2: SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2; CDK4: cyclin-dependent kinase 4; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; miR-95: microRNA-95