Age and the nursing informatics competency score were analyzed using an independent sample t test and are presented as mean (standard deviation). Number of years of clinical nursing experience was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and is presented as median (25th, 75th percentiles). Dichotomous and categorical data were analyzed using the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test and are presented as number (%).

^a: Digital health literacy was assessed using the Japanese version of the Digital Health Literacy Instrument (score range: 1–4). The digital health literacy score was dichotomized at the median into the low (score range: 1.0–2.8) and high (score range: 2.9–4.0) groups.

^b: Digital devices used at work included electronic health records, work smartphones, and tablets. Attitudes toward using digital devices at work were dichotomized into non-positive [not positive, not very positive, or neither positive nor negative] and positive [moderately positive or positive]. Confidence in using digital devices at work was dichotomized into non-confident [not confident, not very confident, or neither confident nor unconfident] and confident [moderately confident or confident].

^c: Nursing informatics competency was assessed using the Japanese version of the Nursing Informatics Competency Scale, which has a total score for competency ranging from 22 to 88; higher scores indicate greater competency.