Exploration of Digital Health Technologies

Table 4. Associations between app usage levels and lifestyle repeated measures in pregnancy.

Outcome measures		Early pregnancy	Mid pregnancy	Late pregnancy	P time	*P grouptime**
GLTE score*
	≥ 1.51 min/wk	32.5 (16.0–46.0)	31.0 (17.0–47.0)	25.0 (15.0–46.0)	0.646	0.669
	< 1.51 min/wk	14.5 (6.0–28.0)	20.0 (10.0–37.5)	15.0 (9.0–26.0)
Daily step count^†
	≥ 3.12 min/wk	5,905 ± 1,714	6,760 ± 2,423	6,265 ± 1,730	0.313	0.237
	< 3.12 min/wk	8,203 ± 3,286	7,780 ± 3,720	6,216 ± 1,475
VPA time (min/d)^†
	≥ 3.12 min/wk	12.25 (6.79–16.36)	13.29 (11.43–29.71)	3.71 (0.33–10.00)	0.022	0.576
	< 3.12 min/wk	9.29 (3.60–24.21)	7.00 (2.32–21.50)	1.25 (0.00–8.66)
MVPA time (min/d)^†
	≥ 3.12 min/wk	29.9 (14.6–33.4)	42.7 (25.1–47.1)	13.3 (3.7–29.6)	0.103	0.559
	< 3.12 min/wk	21.7 (6.6–41.3)	15.7 (9.5–31.8)	6.0 (2.0–22.6)
MPA time (min/d)^†
	≥ 3.12 min/wk	15.3 (10.4–16.7)	23.1 (13.7–29.7)	9.6 (3.5–19.4)	0.220	0.668
	< 3.12 min/wk	7.7 (2.6–13.7)	8.5 (4.7–12.5)	4.8 (2.0–12.9)
LPA time (min/d)^†
	≥ 3.12 min/wk	237 ± 85	205 ± 42	244 ± 31	0.758	0.273
	< 3.12 min/wk	259 ± 101	258 ± 85	241 ± 31
Sedentary time (min/d)^†
	≥ 3.12 min/wk	700.9 ± 140.1	674.2 ± 96.6	720.2 ± 174.4	0.688	0.963
	< 3.12 min/wk	801.5 ± 235.2	749.0 ± 211.1	791.3 ± 165.9
Energy (kcal/d)º
	≥ 2.85 min/wk	1,711 ± 571	1,857 ± 606	2,070 ± 549	0.652	0.517
	< 2.85 min/wk	1,863 ± 427	1,664 ± 300	1,773 ± 477
% of estimated energy intakeº
	≥ 2.85 min/wk	54.3 ± 20.1	59.3 ± 20.9	66.3 ± 23.4	0.918	0.706
	< 2.85 min/wk	65.7 ± 15.5	58.2 ± 7.9	55.6 ± 18.2
Lipids (g/d)º
	≥ 2.85 min/wk	62.4 ± 20.8	71.7 ± 29.6	62.7 ± 20.6	0.880	0.424
	< 2.85 min/wk	72.6 ± 24.7	59.4 ± 11.3	64.5 ± 14.8
Lipids (% of energy intake)º
	≥ 2.85 min/wk	32.9 ± 2.4	33.6 ± 6.2	28.4 ± 11.5	0.655	0.320
	< 2.85 min/wk	35.3 ± 8.2	33.7 ± 4.9	34.1 ± 8.2
Carbohydrates (g/d)º
	≥ 2.85 min/wk	223 (205–254)	240 (217–257)	239 (210–265)	0.930	0.976
	< 2.85 min/wk	228 (175–266)	212 (188–248)	236 (185–251)
Carbohydrates (% of energy intake)º
	≥ 2.85 min/wk	50.6 ± 5.2	50.2 ± 7.2	41.1 ± 4.3	0.104	0.125
	< 2.85 min/wk	45.7 ± 8.0	49.9 ± 6.2	53.7 ± 19.1
Fibres (g/d)º
	≥ 2.85 min/wk	19.9 ± 7.6	21.7 ± 8.7	16.7 ± 4.4	0.339	0.798
	< 2.85 min/wk	17.2 ± 7.4	21.9 ± 7.8	18.0 ± 11.7
Sodium (mg/d)º
	≥ 2.85 min/wk	2,687 ± 763	2,783 ± 1,156	2,658 ± 1,595	0.984	0.889
	< 2.85 min/wk	2,635 ± 1,126	2,529 ± 719	2,794 ± 879
Proteins (g/d)º
	≥ 2.85 min/wk	74.1 ± 35.5	77.0 ± 29.2	69.3 ± 14.2	0.859	0.718
	< 2.85 min/wk	79.9 ± 10.0	69.5 ± 19.3	73.9 ± 23.9
Proteins (% of energy intake)º
	≥ 2.85 min/wk	16.5 ± 3.5	15.9 ± 1.9	13.6 ± 5.3	0.022	0.013
	< 2.85 min/wk	17.8 ± 3.1	14.9 ± 2.9	16.7 ± 2.0

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Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (1st quartile–3rd quartile). *: Early pregnancy: n = 30 and 26 per group respectively, mid pregnancy: n = 29 and 27 per group respectively, late pregnancy: n = 25 and 21 per group respectively; ^†: early pregnancy: n = 11 per group, mid pregnancy: n = 10 per group, late pregnancy: n = 9 and 8 per group respectively; º: early pregnancy: n = 8 and 5 per group respectively, mid pregnancy: n = 11 and 7 per group respectively, late pregnancy: n = 7 and 8 per group respectively. For statistical analyses, GLTE, VPA, MVPA, and MPA were transformed by log (x + 1), and carbs were simply log-transformed. GLTE: Godin Leisure Time Exercise questionnaire; LPA: light physical activity; MPA: moderate physical activity; MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; VPA: vigorous physical activity.

Supplementary materials

The supplementary materials for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/101197_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

We want to thank Kevin Semeniuk for his contribution in the study as the research coordinator and for the management of technical aspects of the study. We also wish to thank all study participants who volunteered to participate in our study. This study is part of C. Richer dit Laflèche’s Master’s dissertation which is publicly available in French [66].

Author contributions

CRdL: Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing—original draft. SCS: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Investigation, Writing—review & editing. LMR: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing—review & editing. GXS: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing—review & editing. JPB: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. KBA: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The SmartMoms Canada study was approved by the REB of the University of Ottawa REB H-09-19-4795 and the REB of the University of Manitoba REB HS23407-H2019:448.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Funding

The study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Project Grant Program, [PJT-178360/2021]) and by the Public Health Agency of Canada (2015 Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Program, [1516-HQ-00057]). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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