Exploration of Digital Health Technologies

Table 6. The result of the proposed CAE model.

Number	Features	MLP		SVR
		MLP		Kernel = poly		Kernel = rbf		Kernel = linear
		MSE	R²	MSE	R²	MSE	R²	MSE	R²
1	CAE (img)	0.011	0.521	0.020	0.183	0.015	0.381	0.017	0.308
2	digit	-	-	0.010	0.584	0.010	0.554	0.013	0.447
3	area + digit	0.010	0.561	0.011	0.532	0.015	0.373	0.015	0.359
4	area + img	0.011	0.519	0.011	0.535	0.014	0.428	0.016	0.320
5	digit + img	0.012	0.504	0.017	0.290	0.014	0.412	0.012	0.510
6	area + digit + img	0.008	0.648	0.009	0.617	0.014	0.408	0.013	0.467
7	BFS/BFTE + area + digit + img	0.005	0.785	0.008	0.641	0.012	0.477	0.009	0.606

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The size of 88 × 88 × 12, and applying the preprocessing module on maps of CAE and color ratio calculations, and also the use of unlabeled data in unsupervised CAE training, using sphere and ellipse radius as feature vector 4. The best results are presented in bold. BFS: best-fit sphere; BFTE: best-fit toric ellipsoid; CAE: convolutional autoencoder; MLP: multi-layered perceptron; MSE: mean squared error; SVR: support vector regression.

Declarations

Author contributions

LE: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Visualization. HV: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. EJ: Investigation, Resources, Writing—review & editing. SH: Software, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of University of Tehran of Medical Sciences. No specific approval number was assigned to this study. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent to publication for using their data in this research project.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality and restrictions on data sharing. Requests for access to these datasets can be directed to [Ebrahim Jafarzadepour, jafarzadehpour.e@iums.ac.ir].

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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