Results of the proposed CAE architecture and the effect of the preprocessing module on images to extract features and calculate color areas.
| Number | Maps | Input size | Features | No. of features | Preprocess | MSE | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 81 × 81 × 12 | img (all maps) | 12 (1 × 1 × 12) | Yes | 0.018 | 0.267 |
| 2 | 2 | 81 × 81 × 3 | area | 7 | Yes | 0.024 | 0.023 |
| No | 0.012 | 0.262 | |||||
| 3 | - | - | digit | 10 | - | 0.011 | 0.315 |
| 4 | 2 | 81 × 81 × 3 | area + digit | 19 (7 + 10) | Yes | 0.007 | 0.699 |
| No | 0.011 | 0.318 | |||||
| 5 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 81 × 81 × 12 | area + img | 19 (7 + 12) | Yes | 0.017 | 0.273 |
| No | 0.02 | 0.167 | |||||
| 6 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 81 × 81 × 12 | digit + img | 22 (10 + 12) | Yes | 0.008 | 0.669 |
| 7 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 81 × 81 × 12 | area + digit + img | 29 (7 + 10 + 12) | Yes | 0.009 | 0.639 |
| No | 0.008 | 0.646 |
The bolded numbers in the table indicate the best results. CAE: convolutional autoencoder; MSE: mean squared error.
LE: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Visualization. HV: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. EJ: Investigation, Resources, Writing—review & editing. SH: Software, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.
The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of University of Tehran of Medical Sciences. No specific approval number was assigned to this study. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent to publication for using their data in this research project.
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality and restrictions on data sharing. Requests for access to these datasets can be directed to [Ebrahim Jafarzadepour, jafarzadehpour.e@iums.ac.ir].
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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