Table Info

Table 2.

Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and BMI

Dependent variable	Independent variable	Regression coefficient	Standard error (SE)	Standardised partial regression coefficient	P
EMCLs (mmol/L)	Anterior AF (ms)	−38.31	7.02	−0.60	< 0.01
	NP (ms)	−20.31	19.32	−0.16	0.30
	Posterior AF (ms)	−15.42	24.35	−0.14	0.49
IMCLs (mmol/L)	Anterior AF (ms)	−10.6	34.20	−0.04	0.82
	NP (ms)	11.10	20.35	0.05	0.73
	Posterior AF (ms)	−6.13	7.93	−0.11	0.58

Declarations

Acknowledgements

We thank Editage (https://www.editage.com/) for English language editing.

Author contribution

IO: Investigation, Writing—original draft. HT: Validation. TM: Project administration. MY: Software. TT: Data curation. AT: Supervision.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki after approval by the Ethics Committee of Sapporo Medical University (approval number: 262-1074).

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available because of the limitations of ethical approval involving the patients’ data and anonymity; however, the datasets are available from the corresponding author (ogon.izaya@sapmed.ac.jp) on reasonable request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. Low back pain. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:363–70. [DOI] [PubMed]

Ogon I, Teramoto A, Takashima H, Terashima Y, Yoshimoto M, Emori M, et al. Associations between visceral fat chronic low back pain and central sensitization in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2022;35:1035–41. [DOI] [PubMed]

Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017;389:736–47. [DOI] [PubMed]

Cholewicki J, Panjabi MM, Khachatryan A. Stabilizing function of trunk flexor-extensor muscles around a neutral spine posture. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997;22:2207–12. [DOI] [PubMed]

Ogon I, Takebayashi T, Takashima H, Morita T, Terashima Y, Yoshimoto M, et al. Imaging diagnosis for intervertebral disc. JOR Spine. 2020;3:e1066. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Vergroesen PP, Kingma I, Emanuel KS, Hoogendoorn RJ, Welting TJ, van Royen BJ, et al. Mechanics and biology in intervertebral disc degeneration: a vicious circle. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015;23:1057–70. [DOI] [PubMed]

Modic MT, Ross JS. Lumbar degenerative disk disease. Radiology. 2017;245:43–61. [DOI]

Solomonow M, Hatipkarasulu S, Zhou BH, Baratta RV, Aghazadeh F. Biomechanics and electromyography of a common idiopathic low back disorder. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28:1235–48. [DOI] [PubMed]

Geisser ME, Ranavaya M, Haig AJ, Roth RS, Zucker R, Ambroz C, et al. A meta-analytic review of surface electromyography among persons with low back pain and normal, healthy controls. J Pain. 2005;6:711–26. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Kalichman L, Carmeli E, Been E. The association between imaging parameters of the paraspinal muscles, spinal degeneration, and low back pain. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:2562957. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Ranger TA, Cicuttini FM, Jensen TS, Peiris WL, Hussain SM, Fairley J, et al. Are the size and composition of the paraspinal muscles associated with low back pain? A systematic review. Spine J. 2017;17:1729–48. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Agten A, Stevens S, Verbrugghe J, Timmermans A, Vandenabeele F. Biopsy samples from the erector spinae of persons with nonspecific chronic low back pain display a decrease in glycolytic muscle fibers. Spine J. 2020;20:199–206. [DOI] [PubMed]

13.

Bailey JF, Fields AJ, Ballatori A, Cohen D, Jain D, Coughlin D, et al. The relationship between endplate pathology and patient-reported symptoms for chronic low back pain depends on lumbar paraspinal muscle quality. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019;44:1010–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

14.

Özcan-Ekşi EE, Ekşi MŞ, Akçal MA. Severe lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with Modic changes and fatty infiltration in the paraspinal muscles at all lumbar levels, except for L1-L2: a cross-sectional analysis of 50 symptomatic women and 50 age-matched symptomatic men. World Neurosurg. 2019;122:e1069–77. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Danneels LA, Vanderstraeten GG, Cambier DC, Witvrouw EE, De Cuyper HJ. CT imaging of trunk muscles in chronic low back pain patients and healthy control subjects. Eur Spine J. 2000;9:266–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Cheung KM, Karppinen J, Chan D, Ho DW, Song YQ, Sham P, et al. Prevalence and pattern of lumbar magnetic resonance imaging changes in a population study of one thousand forty-three individuals. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34:934–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Yanik B, Keyik B, Conkbayir I. Fatty degeneration of multifidus muscle in patients with chronic low back pain and in asymptomatic volunteers: quantification with chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42:771–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

18.

Fischer MA, Nanz D, Shimakawa A, Schirmer T, Guggenberger R, Chhabra A, et al. Quantification of muscle fat in patients with low back pain: comparison of multi-echo MR imaging with single-voxel MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 2013;266:555–63. [DOI] [PubMed]

19.

Boesch C, Machann J, Vermathen P, Schick F. Role of proton MR for the study of muscle lipid metabolism^†. NMR Biomed. 2006;19:968–88. [DOI] [PubMed]

20.

Boesch C. Musculoskeletal spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;25:321–38. [DOI] [PubMed]

21.

Velan SS, Said N, Durst C, Frisbee S, Frisbee J, Raylman RR, et al. Distinct patterns of fat metabolism in skeletal muscle of normal-weight, overweight, and obese humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;295:R1060–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

22.

Srikanthan P, Singhal A, Lee CC, Nagarajan R, Wilson N, Roberts CK, et al. Characterization of intra-myocellular lipids using 2d localized correlated spectroscopy and abdominal fat using Mri in type 2 diabetes. Magn Reson Insights. 2012;5:29–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

23.

Boesch C, Kreis R. Observation of intramyocellular lipids by ¹H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;904:25–31. [PubMed]

24.

Takashima H, Takebayashi T, Yoshimoto M, Terashima Y, Tsuda H, Ida K, et al. Correlation between T2 relaxation time and intervertebral disk degeneration. Skeletal Radiol. 2012;41:163–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

25.

Pfirrmann CW, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N. Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26:1873–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

26.

Takashima H, Takebayashi T, Ogon I, Yoshimoto M, Terashima Y, Imamura R, et al. Evaluation of intramyocellular and extramyocellular lipids in the paraspinal muscle in patients with chronic low back pain using MR spectroscopy: preliminary results. Br J Radiol. 2016;89:20160136. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

27.

Wang Z, Zhao Z, Han S, Hu X, Ye L, Li Y, et al. Advances in research on fat infiltration and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1067373. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Björck-van Dijken C, Fjellman-Wiklund A, Hildingsson C. Low back pain, lifestyle factors and physical activity: a population based-study. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:864–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

29.

Takashima H, Takebayashi T, Ogon I, Yoshimoto M, Morita T, Imamura R, et al. Analysis of intra and extramyocellular lipids in the multifidus muscle in patients with chronic low back pain using MR spectroscopy. Br J Radiol. 2018;91:20170536. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

30.

Ogon I, Takebayashi T, Takashima H, Morita T, Yoshimoto M, Terashima Y, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of multifidus muscles lipid content and association with spinopelvic malalignment in chronic low back pain. Br J Radiol. 2017;90:20160753. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

Ogon I, Takebayashi T, Takashima H, Morita T, Yoshimoto M, Terashima Y, et al. Quantitative analysis concerning atrophy and fat infiltration of the multifidus muscle with magnetic resonance spectroscopy in chronic low back pain. Spine Surg Relat Res. 2019;3:163–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Ogon I, Takebayashi T, Takashima H, Morita T, Oshigiri T, Terashima Y, et al. Multifidus muscles lipid content is associated with intervertebral disc degeneration: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Asian Spine J. 2019;13:601–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

33.

Ogon I, Takashima H, Morita T, Oshigiri T, Terashima Y, Yoshimoto M, et al. Is the lipid content of the psoas major correlated with chronic low back pain and spinopelvic alignment? A magnetic resonance spectroscopic study. Asian Spine J. 2020;14:430–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

34.

Ogon I, Takebayashi T, Takashima H, Tanimoto K, Ida K, Yoshimoto M, et al. Analysis of chronic low back pain with magnetic resonance imaging T2 mapping of lumbar intervertebral disc. J Orthop Sci. 2015;20:295–301. [DOI] [PubMed]

35.

Ogon I, Takashima H, Morita T, Oshigiri T, Terashima Y, Yoshimoto M, et al. Association between spinopelvic alignment and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration quantified with magnetic resonance imaging T2 mapping in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine Surg Relat Res. 2020;4:135–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

36.

Ogon I, Takashima H, Morita T, Oshigiri T, Terashima Y, Yoshimoto M, et al. Relevance between Schmorl’s node and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration quantified with magnetic resonance imaging T2 mapping in chronic low back pain. Asian Spine J. 2020;14:621–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

Ogon I, Iba K, Takashima H, Yoshimoto M, Morita T, Oshigiri T, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of multifidus muscle lipid contents and association with nociceptive pain in chronic low back pain. Asian Spine J. 2021;15:441–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

38.

Ogon I, Iba K, Takashima H, Terashima Y, Yoshimoto M, Emori M, et al. Association between lumbar segmental mobility and intervertebral disc degeneration quantified by magnetic resonance imaging T2 mapping. N Am Spine Soc J. 2021;5:100044. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

Ogon I, Teramoto A, Takashima H, Terashima Y, Yoshimoto M, Emori M, et al. Factors associated with low back pain in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23:552. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

40.

Takashima H, Yoshimoto M, Ogon I, Takebayashi T, Imamura R, Akatsuka Y, et al. T1rho, T2, and T2* relaxation time based on grading of intervertebral disc degeneration. Acta Radiol. 2023;64:1116–21. [DOI] [PubMed]

41.

Kader DF, Wardlaw D, Smith FW. Correlation between the MRI changes in the lumbar multifidus muscles and leg pain. Clin Radiol. 2000;55:145–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

42.

Honkanen T, Mäntysaari M, Leino T, Avela J, Kerttula L, Haapamäki V, et al. Cross-sectional area of the paraspinal muscles and its association with muscle strength among fighter pilots: a 5-year follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20:170. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Udermann BE, Mayer JM, Graves JE, Murray SR. Quantitative assessment of lumbar paraspinal muscle endurance. J Athl Train. 2003;38:259–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

44.

Bajek S, Bobinac D, Bajek G, Vranić TS, Lah B, Dragojević DM. Muscle fiber type distribution in multifidus muscle in cases of lumbar disc herniation. Acta Med Okayama. 2000;54:235–41. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Reid KF, Fielding RA. Skeletal muscle power: a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2012;40:4–12. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

46.

Lerer A, Nykamp SG, Harriss AB, Gibson TW, Koch TG, Brown SH. MRI-based relationships between spine pathology, intervertebral disc degeneration, and muscle fatty infiltration in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dogs. Spine J. 2015;15:2433–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

47.

Urrutia J, Besa P, Lobos D, Campos M, Arrieta C, Andia M, et al. Lumbar paraspinal muscle fat infiltration is independently associated with sex, age, and inter-vertebral disc degeneration in symptomatic patients. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47:955–61. [DOI]

48.

Goutallier D, Postel JM, Bernageau J, Lavau L, Voisin MC. Fatty muscle degeneration in cuff ruptures. Pre- and postoperative evaluation by CT scan. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;304:78–83. [DOI] [PubMed]

49.

de Boer TN, van Spil WE, Huisman AM, Polak AA, Bijlsma JW, Lafeber FP, et al. Serum adipokines in osteoarthritis; comparison with controls and relationship with local parameters of synovial inflammation and cartilage damage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20:846–53. [DOI]

50.

James G, Chen X, Diwan A, Hodges PW. Fat infiltration in the multifidus muscle is related to inflammatory cytokine expression in the muscle and epidural adipose tissue in individuals undergoing surgery for intervertebral disc herniation. Eur Spine J. 2021;30:837–45. [DOI] [PubMed]

51.

Provencher SW. Estimation of metabolite concentrations from localized in vivo proton NMR spectra. Magn Reson Med. 1993;30:672–9. [DOI] [PubMed]