Assessed risk of bias of included studies using the ROBINS-I tool
| Study | Type of bias | Overall bias risk | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Confounding | Selection of participants | Classification of intervention | Deviations from intended interventions | Missing data | Measurement of outcomes | Selection of reported results | ||
| Afaq et al. [7] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Broadhurst et al. [8] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Choudry et al. [9] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Clarke et al. [10] | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Donnelly et al. [11] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| McAllister et al. [12] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Talbot et al. [13] | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Tyagi et al. [14] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Westacott et al. [15] | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |