Exploration of Musculoskeletal Diseases

Table 3. Characteristics of the included studies.

Authors	Instruments	Participants	Age	Gender (M/F)	Pain intensity	Comparison	Parameters	Conclusion
Tomkins-Lane et al. 2012 [22]	Distance measurement instrument (Lufkin Pro-Series Model PSMW38^a)	44 NSCLBP 32 CON	NSCLBP 62.27 ± 6.70 CON 66.19 ± 8.01	NSCLBP 12/32 CON 11/21	3.79 ± 2.43	NSCLBP vs. CON	Stride length (m)	No. sig.
van den Hoorn et al. 2012 [23]	3D motion capture	13 NSCLBP 12 CON	NSCLBP 35.3 ± 12.4 CON 32.2 ± 13.1	NSCLBP 5/8 CON 4/8	2.92 ± 1.48	NSCLBP vs. CON	Walking speed (m/s)	No. sig.
Crosbie et al. 2013 [24]	Multi-sensor, 6-df electromagnetic tracking device	19 NSCLBP 19 CON	NSCLBP 34 ± 13.3 CON 28.6 ± 5.4	NSCLBP 7/12 CON 6/13	2.8 ± 2.2	NSCLBP vs. CON	Walking speed (m/s)	Sig.
Müller et al. 2015 [25]	3D motion capture	11 NSCLBP 11 CON	NSCLBP 38.2 ± 13.9 CON 38.5 ± 12.1	NSCLBP 5/6 CON 5/6	1.9 ± 1.2	NSCLBP vs. CON	Walking speed (m/s); step length (m)	Sig. (walking speed), no sig. (step length)
Barzilay et al. 2016 [15]	Four convex biomechanical units (AposTherapy System, APOS—Medical and Sports Technologies Ltd., Herzliya, Israel)	60 NSCLBP 24 CON	NSCLBP 53.3 ± 14 CON 48.4 ± 13.1	NA	NA	NSCLBP vs. CON	Walking speed (m/s); cadence (step/min); step length (m); single stance (%)	Sig.
Vickers et al. 2017 [16]	Gait mat (Gait Rite 1; CIR Systems, Inc.; Havertown, PA)	30 NSCLBP 25 CON	NSCLBP 51.2 ± 17.9 CON 31.9 ± 12.4	NSCLBP 17/13 CON 10/15	NA	NSCLBP vs. CON	Walking speed (m/s); cadence (step/min); step length (m); step width (m); single support (%); double support (%)	Sig. (walking speed, step length), no sig. (other parameters)
Tabard-Fougère et al. 2020 [27]	NA	39 NSCLBP 24 CON	NA	NA	NA	NSCLBP vs. CON	Walking speed (m/s); cadence (step/min); step length (m); stance phase (%)	No. sig.
Hicks et al. 2017 [26]	GaitMat II^TMsystem (E.Q. Inc., Chalfont, PA)	54 NSCLBP 54 CON	NSCLBP 69.3 ± 6.7 CON 71.1 ± 6.8	NSCLBP 17/37 CON 17/37	3.4 ± 1.6	NSCLBP vs. CON	Step length (m); step width (m); swing time (s); stance time (s); double support time (s)	No. sig.
Demirel et al. 2020 [28]	NA	30 NSCLBP 32 CON	NSCLBP 44.80 ± 11.67 CON 40.81±10.95	NA	3.48 ± 3.04	NSCLBP vs. CON	Walking speed (m/s); step length (m); stance phase (%); stride length (m); swing phase (%); single support (%); double support (%); cadence (step/min)	Sig. (walking speed, step length, stride length), no sig. (other parameters)
Jiménez-del-Barrio et al. 2020 [29]	16 Megapixel camera, Nikon Coolpix, model	20 NSCLBP 20 CON	NSCLBP 24.6 ± 5.21 CON 23.2 ± 5.01	NSCLBP 5/15 CON 6/14	5.68 ± 2.23	NSCLBP vs. CON	Step length (m)	No. sig.
Castro-Méndez et al. 2020 [30]	Opto-gait photocell sensor	20 NSCLBP 12 CON	NSCLBP 41 ± 10.7 CON 28 ± 7.6	NSCLBP 16/4 CON 2/10	6.59 ± 0.20	NSCLBP vs. CON	Walking speed (m/s); stride length (m); cadence (step/min)	Sig. (cadence, stride length), no sig. (other parameters)
Lee et al. 2021 [31]	Motion analysis system (Motion Analysis Corporation, Rohnert Park, CA, USA)	22 NSCLBP 19 CON	NSCLBP 28.91 ± 12.80 CON 27.58 ± 9.13	NSCLBP 14/8 CON 9/10	NA	NSCLBP vs. CON	Walking speed (m/s); cadence (step/min); stride length (m); step length (m); stance phase (%); swing phase (%)	No sig.
Lin et al. 2023 [32]	Treadmill (FDM-T Lido, Noraxon, USA) with a deck of 2560 capacitive sensors (Myo-Pressure-T, Noraxon, USA)	16 NSCLBP 16 CON	NSCLBP 28 ± 6.94 CON 28.88 ± 7.09	NA	2 (1–3.5)	NSCLBP vs. CON	Stance phase (%); swing phase (%); step length (m); stride length (m); step width (m); walking speed (m/s); cadence (step/min)	No. sig.

Return to article view

CON: control group; NA: not applicable; No sig.: no significance; NSCLBP: non-specific chronic low back pain.

Declarations

Author contributions

JG: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft. KWG: Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. JST: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. SW: Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. JG: Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. FMJ: Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. CSC: Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical approval

This project was supported by the University Putra Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (JKEUPM-2021-856), and the National Sports Institute of Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (ISNRE/A/002/2022-009/2021).

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. Referenced articles are accessible on Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Embase, and EBSCOhost. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Sports Institute of Malaysia (ISNRG No. 008/2021-009/2021). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

References

Krismer M, van Tulder M; Low Back Pain Group of the Bone and Joint Health Strategies for Europe Project. Strategies for prevention and management of musculoskeletal conditions. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21:77–91. [DOI] [PubMed]

Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017;389:736–47. [DOI] [PubMed]

Sharan D, Rajkumar JS, Mohandoss M, Ranganathan R. Myofascial low back pain treatment. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18:449. [DOI] [PubMed]

Homs AF, Dupeyron A, Torre K. Relationship between gait complexity and pain attention in chronic low back pain. Pain. 2022;163:e31–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

Merkle SL, Sluka KA, Frey-Law LA. The interaction between pain and movement. J Hand Ther. 2020;33:60–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Hodges PW, Moseley GL. Pain and motor control of the lumbopelvic region: effect and possible mechanisms. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;13:361–70. [DOI] [PubMed]

O’Sullivan P. Diagnosis and classification of chronic low back pain disorders: maladaptive movement and motor control impairments as underlying mechanism. Man Ther. 2005;10:242–55. [DOI] [PubMed]

Hatefi M, Babakhani F, Ashrafizadeh M. The effect of static stretching exercises on hip range of motion, pain, and disability in patients with non-specific low back pain. J Exp Orthop. 2021;8:55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Tateuchi H, Taniguchi M, Mori N, Ichihashi N. Balance of hip and trunk muscle activity is associated with increased anterior pelvic tilt during prone hip extension. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2012;22:391–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Elbaz A, Mirovsky Y, Mor A, Enosh S, Debbi E, Segal G, et al. A novel biomechanical device improves gait pattern in patient with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34:E507–12. [DOI] [PubMed]

11.

Anukoolkarn K, Vongsirinavarat M, Bovonsunthonchai S, Vachalathiti R. Plantar Pressure Distribution Pattern during Mid-Stance Phase of the Gait in Patients with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain. J Med Assoc Thai. 2015;98:896–901. [PubMed]

12.

Toosizadeh N, Yen TC, Howe C, Dohm M, Mohler J, Najafi B. Gait behaviors as an objective surgical outcome in low back disorders: A systematic review. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2015;30:528–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Varrecchia T, Rinaldi M, Serrao M, Draicchio F, Conte C, Conforto S, et al. Global lower limb muscle coactivation during walking at different speeds: Relationship between spatio-temporal, kinematic, kinetic, and energetic parameters. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2018;43:148–57. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Chinpeerasathian C, Chenboonthai W, Pensri P. Comparison of Different Kinematic Values of Lower Extremities during Gait between Individuals with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain and Healthy Persons. J Med Assoc Thai. 2023;106. [DOI]

15.

Barzilay Y, Segal G, Lotan R, Regev G, Beer Y, Lonner BS, et al. Patients with chronic non-specific low back pain who reported reduction in pain and improvement in function also demonstrated an improvement in gait pattern. Eur Spine J. 2016;25:2761–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Vickers J, Reed A, Decker R, Conrad BP, Olegario-Nebel M, Vincent HK. Effect of investigator observation on gait parameters in individuals with and without chronic low back pain. Gait Posture. 2017;53:35–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Gombatto SP, Brock T, DeLork A, Jones G, Madden E, Rinere C. Lumbar spine kinematics during walking in people with and people without low back pain. Gait Posture. 2015;42:539–44. [DOI] [PubMed]

18.

Wang J, Mannen EM, Siddicky SF, Lee JM, Latt LD. Gait alterations in posterior tibial tendonitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture. 2020;76:28–38. [DOI] [PubMed]

19.

Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52:377–84. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

20.

Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Routledge; 2013. pp. 567. [DOI]

22.

Tomkins-Lane CC, Holz SC, Yamakawa KS, Phalke VV, Quint DJ, Miner J, et al. Predictors of walking performance and walking capacity in people with lumbar spinal stenosis, low back pain, and asymptomatic controls. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:647–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

23.

van den Hoorn W, Bruijn SM, Meijer OG, Hodges PW, van Dieën JH. Mechanical coupling between transverse plane pelvis and thorax rotations during gait is higher in people with low back pain. J Biomech. 2012;45:342–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Crosbie J, de Faria Negrão Filho R, Nascimento DP, Ferreira P. Coordination of spinal motion in the transverse and frontal planes during walking in people with and without recurrent low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38:E286–92. [DOI] [PubMed]

25.

Müller R, Ertelt T, Blickhan R. Low back pain affects trunk as well as lower limb movements during walking and running. J Biomech. 2015;48:1009–14. [DOI] [PubMed]

26.

Hicks GE, Sions JM, Coyle PC, Pohlig RT. Altered spatiotemporal characteristics of gait in older adults with chronic low back pain. Gait Posture. 2017;55:172–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

27.

Tabard-Fougère A, Dayer R, Vuillerme N, Armand S. Is gait in children and adolescents with non-specific chronic low back pain similar to healthy controls? Gait Posture. 2018;65:203–5. [DOI]

28.

Demirel A, Onan D, Oz M, Ozel Aslıyuce Y, Ulger O. Moderate disability has negative effect on spatiotemporal parameters in patients with chronic low back pain. Gait Posture. 2020;79:251–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

29.

Jiménez-Del-Barrio S, Mingo-Gómez MT, Estébanez-de-Miguel E, Saiz-Cantero E, Del-Salvador-Miguélez AI, Ceballos-Laita L. Adaptations in pelvis, hip and knee kinematics during gait and muscle extensibility in low back pain patients: A cross-sectional study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2020;33:49–56. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Castro-Méndez A, Requelo-Rodríguez I, Pabón-Carrasco M, González-Elena ML, Ponce-Blandón JA, Palomo-Toucedo IC. A Case-Control Study of the Effects of Chronic Low Back Pain in Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters. Sensors (Basel). 2021;21:5247. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

Lee D, Sung P. Gait Asymmetry Comparison between Subjects with and without Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain. Symmetry. 2021;13:2129. [DOI]

32.

Lin J, Halaki M, Leaver A. Limited evidence of altered gait parameters in people with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Gait Posture. 2023;99:98–103. [DOI] [PubMed]

33.

Simmonds MJ, Lee CE, Etnyre BR, Morris GS. The influence of pain distribution on walking velocity and horizontal ground reaction forces in patients with low back pain. Pain Res Treat. 2012;2012:214980. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

34.

Russo M, Deckers K, Eldabe S, Kiesel K, Gilligan C, Vieceli J, et al. Muscle Control and Non-specific Chronic Low Back Pain. Neuromodulation. 2018;21:1–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Bohannon RW, Williams Andrews A. Normal walking speed: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2011;97:182–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

36.

Ayis S, Ebrahim S, Williams S, Jüni P, Dieppe P. Determinants of reduced walking speed in people with musculoskeletal pain. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:1905–12. [PubMed]

37.

Chung Mj, Wang MJ. Gait Posture. 2010;31:131–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

38.

Mehrlatifan S, Fatahi A, Khezri D. Biomechanics of Gait in the Elderly: A Literature Review. Asian J Sports Med. 2023;14:e135663. [DOI]

39.

Shahid A, Kashif F, Asghar F, Islam F, Raza A. Hip Flexors Shortening among Patients with Low Back Pain. Am J Health Med Nurs Pract. 2023;9:22–31. [DOI]

40.

Liang BW, Wu WH, Meijer OG, Lin JH, Lv GR, Lin XC, et al. Pelvic step: the contribution of horizontal pelvis rotation to step length in young healthy adults walking on a treadmill. Gait Posture. 2014;39:105–10. [DOI] [PubMed]

41.

Taylor NF, Evans OM, Goldie PA. The effect of walking faster on people with acute low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2003;12:166–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

42.

Skiadopoulos A, Moore EE, Sayles HR, Schmid KK, Stergiou N. Step width variability as a discriminator of age-related gait changes. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2020;17:41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Huang Y, Meijer OG, Lin J, Bruijn SM, Wu W, Lin X, et al. The effects of stride length and stride frequency on trunk coordination in human walking. Gait Posture. 2010;31:444–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

44.

Kharb A, Saini V, Jain YK, Dhiman S. A review of gait cycle and its parameters. IJCEM Int J Comput Eng Manag. 2011;13:78–83.

45.

Umberger BR. Stance and swing phase costs in human walking. J R Soc Interface. 2010;7:1329–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

46.

Koch C, Hänsel F. Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain and Motor Control During Gait. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2236. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

47.

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]