Exploration of Musculoskeletal Diseases

Table 1. Search strategy.

Library	Search statement	Results
Cochrane	#1 (non-specific chronic low back pain OR NSCLBP OR chronic low back pain OR CLBP OR low back pain OR LBP OR back pain OR lumbar pain OR spinal pain OR lumbar pelvic pain OR lumbar-pelvic pain):ti,ab,kw in Trials (Word variations have been searched) #2 (healthy participant* OR healthy control* OR asymptomatic individual* OR asymptomatic subject* OR healthy subject):ti,ab,kw in Trials (Word variations have been searched) #3 (gait pattern OR gait OR gait parameter* OR walking OR gait characteristic* OR gait analysis OR gait behavior* OR gait kinetics):ti,ab,kw in Trials (Word variations have been searched) #4 #1 AND #2 AND #3	128
PubMed	((“non-specific chronic low back pain”[Title/Abstract] OR “NSCLBP”[Title/Abstract] OR “chronic low back pain”[Title/Abstract] OR “CLBP”[Title/Abstract] OR “low back pain”[Title/Abstract] OR “LBP”[Title/Abstract] OR “back pain”[Title/Abstract] OR “lumbar pain”[Title/Abstract] OR “spinal pain”[Title/Abstract]) AND (“healthy participant”[Title/Abstract] OR “healthy control”[Title/Abstract] OR “asymptomatic individual”[Title/Abstract] OR “asymptomatic subject”[Title/Abstract] OR “healthy subject”[Title/Abstract]) AND (“gait pattern”[Title/Abstract] OR “gait”[Title/Abstract] OR “gait parameter”[Title/Abstract] OR “walking”[Title/Abstract] OR “gait characteristic”[Title/Abstract] OR “gait analysis”[Title/Abstract] OR “gait behavior*”[Title/Abstract] OR “gait kinetics”[Title/Abstract])) AND ((fft[Filter]) AND (English[Filter]))	103
WOS	AB=( non-specific chronic low back pain OR NSCLBP OR chronic low back pain OR CLBP OR low back pain OR LBP OR back pain OR lumbar pain OR spinal pain OR lumbar pelvic pain OR lumbar-pelvic pain) AND AB= (healthy participant* OR healthy control* OR asymptomatic individual* OR asymptomatic subject* OR healthy subject) AND AB= (gait pattern OR gait OR gait parameter* OR walking OR gait characteristic* OR gait analysis OR gait behavior* OR gait kinetics) and Article (Document Types) and English (Languages)	221
Embase	#1 (‘non-specific chronic low back pain’ OR ‘nsclbp’ OR ‘chronic low back pain’/exp OR ‘chronic low back pain’ OR ‘clbp’ OR ‘low back pain’/exp OR ‘low back pain’ OR ‘lbp’ OR ‘back pain’/exp OR ‘back pain’ OR ‘lumbar pain’/exp OR ‘lumbar pain’ OR ‘spinal pain’/exp OR ‘spinal pain’ OR ‘lumbar pelvic pain’ OR ‘lumbar-pelvic pain’) AND [humans]/lim AND [English]/lim #2(‘healthy participant’ OR ‘healthy control’ OR ‘asymptomatic individual’ OR ‘asymptomatic subject’ OR ‘healthy subject’) AND [humans]/lim AND [English]/lim #3 (‘gait pattern’ OR ‘gait’ OR ‘gait parameter’ OR ‘walking’ OR ‘gait characteristic’ OR ‘gait analysis’ OR ‘gait behavior*’ OR ‘gait kinetics’) AND [humans]/lim AND [English]/lim #4 #1 AND #2 AND #3	205
EBSCOhost	AB (non-specific chronic low back pain OR NSCLBP OR chronic low back pain OR CLBP OR low back pain OR LBP OR back pain OR lumbar pain OR spinal pain OR lumbar pelvic pain OR lumbar-pelvic pain ) AND AB ( healthy participant* OR healthy control* OR asymptomatic individual* OR asymptomatic subject* OR healthy subject* ) AND AB ( gait pattern* OR gait OR gait parameter* OR walking OR gait characteristic* OR gait analysis OR gait behavior* OR gait kinetics) ; limiters full text and English	165

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Declarations

Author contributions

JG: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft. KWG: Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. JST: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. SW: Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. JG: Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. FMJ: Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. CSC: Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical approval

This project was supported by the University Putra Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (JKEUPM-2021-856), and the National Sports Institute of Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (ISNRE/A/002/2022-009/2021).

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. Referenced articles are accessible on Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Embase, and EBSCOhost. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Sports Institute of Malaysia (ISNRG No. 008/2021-009/2021). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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