Demographic characteristics of the 19 included studies.
| Authors | Country | Sample size | Response rate (%) | Male/Female (%) | Age (years) | Experience (years) | BMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajibade et al., 2013 [31] | Nigeria | 138 | - | 16.7%/83.3% | 36.2 | - | - |
| Alalagy et al., 2025 [32] | Libya | 215 | 88.8% | 5.1%/94.9% | 43.7 ± 7.2 | 19.4 ± 9.0 | 29.4 ± 5.3 |
| Brien et al., 2018 [33] | South Africa | 59 | 70.9% | 16.9%/83.1% | 36.7 ± 9.3 | 9.9 ± 7.6 | - |
| El Ata et al., 2016 [14] | Egypt | 184 | - | 15.8%/84.2% | - | - | < 30.0 |
| Elghazally et al., 2023 [21] | Egypt | 200 | - | - | 32.4 ± 8.8 | - | 27.7 ± 5.4 |
| Freimann et al., 2016 [34] | Ethiopia | 404 | 45.0% | 1.7%/98.3% | 40.1 | - | 25.0 |
| Kgakge et al., 2019 [15] | Botswana | 200 | 89.8% | 25.0%/75.0% | 35.2 | 5.3 | - |
| Mailutha et al., 2020 [35] | Kenya | 314 | 77.7% | - | - | - | - |
| Moodley et al., 2020 [16] | South Africa | 125 | 68.0% | 22.4%/77.6% | 22.4 | - | - |
| Munabi et al., 2014 [36] | Uganda | 741 | 85.4% | 14.3%/85.7% | 35.4 ± 10.7 | 11.9 ± 10.5 | - |
| Mutanda et al., 2017 [37] | Uganda | 266 | 91.7% | 10.0%/90.0% | 39.2 | 14.0 | - |
| Muthelo et al., 2023 [38] | South Africa | 69 | 94.5% | 25.0%/75.0% | 42.1 | 14.7 | - |
| Nemera et al., 2024 [39] | Ethiopia | 397 | 97.8% | 62.5%/37.5% | 28.7 | 3.5 | - |
| Nkhata et al., 2015 [40] | Zambia | 267 | 98.8% | 18.0%/82.0% | 36.5 ± 9.4 | 11.9 ± 9.3 | - |
| Ojedoyin et al., 2025 [20] | Nigeria | 216 | - | 19.9%/80.1% | 20.5 | - | 22.3 ± 4.0 |
| Ouni et al., 2020 [41] | Tunisia | 310 | 95.0% | 45.8%/54.2% | 41.4 ± 5.7 | 8.2 ± 3.9 | 25.7 ± 2.2 |
| Sorour et al., 2012 [19] | Egypt | 58 | - | 31.0%/69.0% | 27.9 ± 8.4 | - | 25.0 |
| Tinubu et al., 2010 [42] | Nigeria | 118 | 80.0% | 2.5%/97.5% | 36.4 ± 7.7 | 11.8 ± 7.6 | 26.2 ± 4.6 |
| Yitayeh et al., 2015 [43] | Ethiopia | 389 | - | 46.3%/53.7% | 30.0 ± 5.8 | - | 22.3 ± 2.1 |
BMI: body mass index. Age, experience, and BMI are presented as mean ± SD when standard deviation was available. Otherwise, only the average value is reported.
PG: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. JJB: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.
Philippe Gorce, Associate Editor and Guest Editor of Exploration of Musculoskeletal Diseases, was not involved in the decision-making or review process of this manuscript. The other author declares no conflicts of interest.
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