From:  Work-related musculoskeletal disorder prevalence among African nurses: systematic review and meta-analysis

 Quality appraisal of each included study.

ReferencesQ1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8Q9Q10Q11Q12Q13Q14Q15Q16Q17Q18Q19Q20YesNoYes (%)Risk of biais
Ajibade et al., 2013 [31]YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesNoNoYes15484%Low
Alalagy et al., 2025 [32]YesYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes15484%Low
Brien et al., 2018 [33]YesYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes15484%Low
El Ata et al., 2016 [14]YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesNoNoYes15484%Low
Elghazally et al., 2023 [21]YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesNoNoYes15484%Low
Freimann et al., 2016 [34]YesYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes15484%Low
Kgakge et al., 2019 [15]YesYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes15484%Low
Mailutha et al., 2020 [35]YesYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesNoNoYes14579%Medium
Moodley et al., 2020 [16]YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes16389%Low
Munabi et al., 2014 [36]YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes16389%Low
Mutanda et al., 2017 [37]YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes16389%Low
Muthelo et al., 2023 [38]YesYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes15484%Low
Nemera et al., 2024 [39]YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesNoNoYes15484%Low
Nkhata et al., 2015 [40]YesYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes15484%Low
Ojedoyin et al., 2025 [20]YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesNoNoYes15484%Low
Ouni et al., 2020 [41]YesYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes15484%Low
Sorour et al., 2012 [19]YesYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes15484%Low
Tinubu et al., 2010 [42]YesYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes15484%Low
Yitayeh et al., 2015 [43]YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNAYesYesYesYesNoYes16389%Low

Q1: Were the aims/objectives of the study clear?

Q2: Was the study design appropriate for the stated aim(s)?

Q3: Was the sample size justified?

Q4: Was the target/reference population clearly defined? (Is it clear who the research was about?)

Q5: Was the sample frame taken from an appropriate population base so that it closely represented the target/reference population under investigation?

Q6: Was the selection process likely to select subjects/participants that were representative of the target/reference population under investigation?

Q7: Were measures undertaken to address and categories non-responders?

Q8: Were the risk factor and outcome variables measured appropriate to the aims of the study?

Q9: Were the risk factor and outcome variables measured correctly using instruments/measurements that had been trialed, piloted or published previously?

Q10: Is it clear what was used to determined statistical significance and/or precision estimates? (eg, p values, CIs)

Q11: Were the methods (including statistical methods) sufficiently described to enable them to be repeated?

Q12: Were the basic data adequately described?

Q13: Does the response rate raise concerns about non-response bias?

Q14: If appropriate, was information about non-responders described?

Q15: Were the results internally consistent?

Q16: Were the results for the analyses described in the methods, presented?

Q17: Were the authors discussions and conclusions justified by the results?

Q18: Were the limitations of the study discussed?

Q19: Were there any funding sources or conflicts of interest that may affect the authors ‘interpretation of the results?

Q20: Was ethical approval or consent of participants attained?

Column 19 was treated as ‘Yes’ in the risk of bias calculation (the absence of conflict for interpretation is a guarantee of quality).