Table Info

Table 2.

Tests for symmetry in controls knees

Measurements	Right knee Mean (SD)	Left knee Mean (SD)	Mean difference	P value	MDC 90% level Left knee	MDC 90% level Right knee
Sulcus angle¹	141.40 (5.32)	142.5 (5.39)	1.07	< 0.001	3.25	3.14
Patella angle¹	135.27 (6.34)	135.3 (6.80)	0.03	0.89	3.84	3.16
Condylar angle¹	14.01 (9.15)	14.88 (2.80)	0.87	0.05	3.36	3.84
Patella thickness¹	23.19 (3.11)	23.36 (2.60)	0.16	0.18	3.70	3.15
Patella width¹	49.04 (6.45)	48.2 (6.07)	–0.76	< 0.001	3.80	3.72
Condylar height lateral¹	7.11 (1.70)	6.8 (1.410)	–0.24	0.26	1.64	2.70
Condylar height medial¹	8.82 (1.95)	9.05 (2.20)	0.22	0.31	2.86	3.05
Condylar width¹	65.77 (6.72)	65.05 (7.00)	–0.71	< 0.001	3.35	2.82
Intercondylar width¹	46.63 (5.70)	46.40 (5.25)	–0.20	0.18	3.01	1.81
Condylar plateau angle¹	5.42 (0.93)	5.63 (1.00)	0.21	< 0.001	0.88	1.23
Distal femoral tilt¹	2.73 (1.51)	2.60 (1.57)	–0.12	0.08	3.39	3.37
Proximal tibial tilt¹	2.35 (1.03)	2.51 (1.13)	0.16	0.12	2.04	1.81
Anatomical axis¹	179.83 (1.25)	179.89 (1.26)	–0.06	0.20	1.16	1.16

¹All angles measured in degrees, and all dimensions in millimetres

Supplementary materials

The supplementary material for this article is available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/100711_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to all the participants for taking part in the GOAL study and to all staff involved in the organisation and logistics of the study.

Author contributions

ARN, KM, WZ, MD, AA: Data curation, Writing–original draft, Writing–review & editing. All authors approved the final submitted manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The GOAL study was granted by the Nottingham City Hospital Local Research Ethics Committee (reference EC02/06).

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.

Availability of data and materials

All datasets are available on request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Valdes AM, Doherty SA, Muir KR, Wheeler M, Maciewicz RA, Zhang W, et al. The genetic contribution to severe post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:1687–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Heidari B. Knee osteoarthritis prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis and features: Part I. Caspian J Intern Med. 2011;2:205–12. [PubMed] [PMC]

Weisman MH. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. Update on osteoarthritis. Foreword. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2013;39:xiii. [DOI] [PubMed]

Warner SC, Valdes AM. The genetics of osteoarthritis: a review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2016;1:140–53. [DOI] [PubMed]

Neame RL, Muir K, Doherty S, Doherty M. Genetic risk of knee osteoarthritis: a sibling study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:1022–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Doherty M, Courtney P, Doherty S, Jenkins W, Maciewicz RA, Muir K, et al. Nonspherical femoral head shape (pistol grip deformity), neck shaft angle, and risk of hip osteoarthritis: a case-control study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:3172–82. [DOI] [PubMed]

McWilliams DF, Doherty SA, Jenkins WD, Maciewicz RA, Muir KR, Zhang W, et al. Mild acetabular dysplasia and risk of osteoarthritis of the hip: a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:1774–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

Sharma L, Song J, Dunlop D, Felson D, Lewis CE, Segal N, et al. Varus and valgus alignment and incident and progressive knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:1940–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Hunter DJ, Zhang YQ, Niu JB, Felson DT, Kwoh K, Newman A, et al. Patella malalignment, pain and patellofemoral progression: the Health ABC Study. Osteoarthritis cartilage. 2007;15:1120–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Ali SA, Helmer R, Terk MR. Analysis of the patellofemoral region on MRI: association of abnormal trochlear morphology with severe cartilage defects. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:721–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

11.

Rosenberg TD, Paulos LE, Parker RD, Coward DB, Scott SM. The forty-five-degree posteroanterior flexion weight-bearing radiograph of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70:1479–83. [PubMed]

12.

Nagaosa Y, Mateus M, Hassan B, Lanyon P, Doherty M. Development of a logically devised line drawing atlas for grading of knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59:587–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Abhishek A, Doherty S, Maciewicz R, Muir K, Zhang W, Doherty M. Chondrocalcinosis is common in the absence of knee involvement. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:R205. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

14.

Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155–63. Erratum in: J Chiropr Med. 2017;16:346 [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

15.

Nair PM, George Hornby T, Behrman AL. Minimal detectable change for spatial and temporal measurements of gait after incomplete spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012;18:273–81. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Wu CY, Chuang LL, Lin KC, Lee SD, Hong WH. Responsiveness, minimal detectable change, and minimal clinically important difference of the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale in patients with improved performance after stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:1281–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Podlipská J, Guermazi A, Lehenkari P, Niinimäki J, Roemer FW, Arokoski JP, et al. Comparison of diagnostic performance of semi-quantitative knee ultrasound and knee radiography with MRI: Oulu Knee Osteoarthritis study. Sci Rep. 2016;6:22365. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2016;6:33109 [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Davies-Tuck M, Teichtahl AJ, Wluka AE, Wang Y, Urquhart DM, Cui J, et al. Femoral sulcus angle and increased patella facet cartilage volume in an osteoarthritic population. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16:131–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

19.

Teichtahl AJ, Parkins K, Hanna F, Wluka AE, Urquhart DM, English DR, et al. The relationship between the angle of the trochlear groove and patella cartilage and bone morphology--a cross-sectional study of healthy adults. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007;15:1158–62. [DOI] [PubMed]

20.

Tanamas SK, Teichtahl AJ, Wluka AE, Wang Y, Davies-Tuck M, Urquhart DM, et al. The associations between indices of patellofemoral geometry and knee pain and patella cartilage volume: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11:87. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Kalichman L, Zhang Y, Niu J, Goggins J, Gale D, Felson DT, et al. The association between patellar alignment and patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis features—an MRI study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1303–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

22.

Driban JB, Stout AC, Duryea J, Lo GH, Harvey WF, Price LL, et al. Coronal tibial slope is associated with accelerated knee osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:299. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

23.

Brouwer GM, van Tol AW, Bergink AP, Belo JN, Bernsen RM, Reijman M, et al. Association between valgus and varus alignment and the development and progression of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:1204–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Kalichman L, Zhang Y, Niu J, Goggins J, Gale D, Zhu Y, et al. The association between patellar alignment on magnetic resonance imaging and radiographic manifestations of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9:R26. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

25.

Kawahara S, Okazaki K, Matsuda S, Nakahara H, Okamoto S, Iwamoto Y. Distal femoral condyle is more internally rotated to the patellar tendon at 90° of flexion in normal knees. J Orthop Surg Res. 2015;10:54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Marouane H, Shirazi-Adl A, Hashemi J. Quantification of the role of tibial posterior slope in knee joint mechanics and ACL force in simulated gait. J Biomech. 2015;48:1899–905. [DOI] [PubMed]

27.

Metcalfe AJ, Stewart C, Postans N, Dodds AL, Holt CA, Roberts AP. The effect of osteoarthritis of the knee on the biomechanics of other joints in the lower limbs. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:348–53. [DOI] [PubMed]