Exploration of Musculoskeletal Diseases

From: Long noncoding RNA: control of chromatin structure in muscle differentiation

Table 1. Functional lncRNAs in skeletal muscle development that modify chromatin structure

lncRNA	Functional role in chromatin regulation	Target genes	Biological effect	Model system	Ref.
NEAT1	Recruits PRC2 via EZH2, promoting H3K27me3	MyoG, Myh4, Tnni2	Inhibits differentiation	Mouse myoblasts (C2C12)	[35–37]
Malat1	Recruits Suv39h1 to MyoD, induces H3K9me3	MyoD targets	Inhibits differentiation	Mouse myoblasts (C2C12)	[38–40]
SYISL	Recruits PRC2 complex to silence key myogenic genes	MyoG, Myh4, MCK4	Inhibits differentiation	Mouse myoblasts (C2C12)	[41]
Dum	Recruits DNA methyltransferases to silence Dppa2	Dppa2	Promotes differentiation	Mouse myoblasts (C2C12)	[32]
Myoparr	Interacts with Ddx17 and PCAF to induce histone acetylation	MyoG	Promotes differentiation	Mouse (C2C12), human	[42, 43]
Linc-YY1	Dissociates YY1/PRC2 complex, relieving repression	miR-29, MyHC, Troponin	Promotes differentiation	Mouse myoblasts (C2C12)	[44, 45]
Linc-RAM	Scaffolds MyoD with Baf60c/Brg1 to activate targets	MyoD targets	Promotes differentiation	Mouse (WT and KO models)	[47]
SRA	Forms a MyoD-p68-p72 complex to promote transcription	MyoD targets	Promotes differentiation	Mouse and human cells	[49, 50]
Irm	Scaffolds MyoD and MEF2D, activating downstream targets	MyoD/MEF2D targets	Promotes differentiation	Mouse (in vitro/in vivo)	[51]
Myolinc	Interacts with TDP-43 to modulate Filip1 expression	Filip1, Acta1, MyoD	Promotes differentiation	Human and mouse	[52]
^CEeRNA	Enhancer RNA acting in cis to activate MyoD promoter	MyoD	Promotes differentiation	Mouse	[59]
^DRReRNA	Enhancer RNA acting in trans to activate MyoG	MyoG	Promotes differentiation	Mouse	[60]

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lncRNA: long nonconding RNA; NEAT1: nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1; PRC2: polycomb repressive complex 2; EZH2: enhancer of zeste homolog 2; H3K27me3: trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27; MyoG: myogenin; C2C12: mouse myoblast cell line; Malat1: metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; MyoD: myogenic differentiation 1; H3K9me3: trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9; Dppa2: developmental pluripotency-associated 2; Dum: Dppa2 upstream binding muscle lncRNA; Linc-RAM: long intergenic non-coding RNA activator of myogenesis; SRA: steroid receptor RNA activator; ^CEeRNA: core enhancer RNA; ^DRReRNA: distal regulatory region enhancer RNA

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Author contributions

RDAA: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization.

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The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

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RDAA was financially supported through “Investigadoras e Investigadores COMECYT 2024” program CAT2024-0077. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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