Exploration of Digestive Diseases

Table 1. Summary of investigation modalities for Helicobacter pylori.

Method	Recommended for eradication confirmation	Key considerations
UBT	Yes	Most accurate; avoid PPIs before testing [7, 8, 15, 16]
Stool antigen test	Yes	Good alternative: timing is critical [5, 9, 17]
Serologic testing	No	Cannot distinguish current from past infection [5]
Histology/RUT	Conditional	Use only if endoscopy is indicated [4, 5, 12]
Culture & sensitivity	Selective	For treatment-resistant cases [4, 10, 12, 18]

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PPIs: proton pump inhibitors; RUT: rapid urease test; UBT: urea breath test.

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Author contributions

SD: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AR: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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