Exploration of Digestive Diseases

Table 1. Consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in different types of iron deficiency and their effects on iron status

Type of iron deficiency	Probiotic strain/Prebiotic type	Reported effect
Impaired iron absorption	Lactobacillus plantarum FS2	↑ iron bioavailability by 128–372% [57]
Low iron bioavailability	Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum	↑ iron absorption [41]
IDA	L. plantarum 299v	↑ iron absorption [58, 59]
IDA	Streptococcus thermophilus	↑ iron uptake and utilization (improved hemoglobin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, ferritin) [60]
IDA	L. fermentum	Delivers iron nanoparticles to enterocytes, ensuring adequate iron uptake [61]
IDA	L. acidophilus	↑ serum ferritin and ↑ iron absorption [62]
IDA	L. plantarum 299v + iron + vitamin C	↑ blood iron levels [63]
IDA	L. plantarum Dad 13	No difference in iron status or gut microbiota profile [49]
Iron metabolism disorders associated with obesity	Multistrain probiotic (B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W51/W52, L. acidophilus W37, L. brevis W63, etc.)	May affect iron metabolism in postmenopausal women with obesity; further research is required [51]
Menorrhagia-related anemia	L. plantarum 299v + iron	↑ iron absorption [64]
IDA	GOS + inulin	Improved immune function in iron-deficient women [65]
IDA	FOS and GOS	↑ iron bioavailability [66]
IDA	Inulin	↑ iron sulfate bioavailability; ↓ calcium absorption [67]
IDA	GOS	↑ iron absorption [68]
IDA	Inulin + oligofructose	↑ DMT1 expression in the cecum, ↓ ferroportin expression in the duodenum, supports intestinal iron regulation [69]
Celiac disease-associated anemia	Inulin enriched with oligofructose	↓ serum hepcidin; ↑ iron absorption [70]
IDA	B. lactis HN019 + oligosaccharides	↓ risk of anemia and iron deficiency [71]
IDA	B. bifidum, B. longum + GOS	↑ iron absorption [42]

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+: and; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; DMT1: divalent metal transporter 1; FOS: fructooligosaccharides; GOS: galactooligosaccharides; IDA: iron deficiency anemia

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NB: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. YU and VN: Writing—review & editing, Validation, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

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