Table Info

Table 2.

Clinical trials for NAFLD or NASH treatments

Treatment	Class	Target	Trial number	References
δ-tocotrienol and α-tocopherol	Vitamin E	A combined treatment of two compounds improved hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD. δ-tocotrienol was more effective than α-tocopherol in decreasing body weight, inflammation, and apoptosis	SLCTR/2019/038^#	[229]
Fish oil plus vitamin D3	Fish oil and vitamin D3	The supplementation of two products reduced biomarkers of hepatocellular damage and plasma TAG levels in patients with NAFLD, which had additional benefits for insulin levels and inflammation compared to fish-oil-treated	ChiCTR1900024866^*	[230]
Efruxifermin	A long-acting Fc-FGF21 fusion protein	Treatment with efruxifermin significantly decreased hepatic fat fraction measured by magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction in patients with NASH and fibrosis (F1–F3 stages)	NCT03976401	[231]
Pegbelfermin	A PEGylated human FGF21 analog	The subcutaneous administration of pegbelfermin significantly reduced the hepatic fat fraction in patients with NASH	NCT02413372	[232]
Mediterranean diet (MD) and LFD	Diets	A 12-week consumption of MD and LFD in adolescents with obesity and NAFLD reduced the BMI, fat mass, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance, decreased high transaminase levels, and improved inflammation and oxidative stress	NCT04845373	[233]
L-carnitine tartrate, nicotinamide riboside, L-serine, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine	CMAs	CMA significantly reduced hepatic steatosis and levels of aspartate aminotransferase, ALT, uric acid, and creatinine	NCT04330326	[234]
Tofogliflozin and glimepiride	An inhibitor of SGLT2 and anti-type 2 diabetes drug	Hepatic steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and lobular inflammation were decreased post-tofogliflozin treatment, whereas only hepatocellular ballooning was improved after the glimepiride treatment. In addition, the expression of genes related to energy metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis was overturned after the tofogliflozin treatment	NCT02649465	[235]
Lifestyle intervention (LSI) + pioglitazone (PGZ)	Lifestyle + PPAR-γ agonist	A combined PGZ and LSI treatment significantly decreased liver fat in both women and men compared to the LSI treatment alone, but it proved less effective in men than in women	NCT00633282	[236]
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 inhibitor (DGAT2i) and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor (ACCi)	Inhibition of intrahepatic TG synthesis and blockade of DNL	A combined treatment of DGAT2i, PF-06865571, and ACCi (PF-05221304, clesacostat) was applied to treat NASH with liver fibrosis	NCT04321031	[237]
Helicobacter (H.) pylori eradication treatment	Bacterial alteration	H. pylori eradication significantly decreased FBG, glycosylated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR, TGs, BMI, and inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity CRP, and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α	ChiCTR2200061243^*	[238]
Recombinant leptin therapy	Hormone therapy	Exogenous leptin treatment decreased hepatic steatosis and injury in patients with NASH who have relative leptin deficiency with partial lipodystrophy	NCT00596934	[239]
Cenicriviroc	C-C chemokine receptors type 2 and 5 dual antagonist	In response to cenicriviroc treatment, patients with NASH achieved ≥ 1-stage fibrosis improvement at year 1 and maintained it at year 2	NCT02217475	[240]

^# Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry; ^* Chinese clinical trial registration

Declarations

Author contributions

CZ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. YS and SL: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MY: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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