Table Info

Table 1.

Extrahepatic inflammation and metabolic disorders contribute to NAFLD development

Metabolic diseases	Factors or regulators	Hepatic inflammation and steatosis	References
Obesity	Production of adipokines (e.g., increase of leptin levels and decrease of adiponectin levels)	Induce hepatic inflammation	[21]
	Adipose tissue insulin resistance	Increase hepatic TG accumulation	[27]
	Production of FFAs	Increase hepatic steatosis	[28]
Insulin resistance	High levels of FPG	Increase liver DNL	[33, 36]
Insulin resistance	Downregulation of CYP7B1 expression	Increase hepatic cholesterol accumulation	[34]
T2DM	Continual hyperglycemia	Cause hepatic liver accumulation	[39, 41]
T2DM	Insulin resistance	Cause hepatic liver accumulation	[39, 41]
CKD	High circulating levels of IL-6 and TNFR2	Cause liver inflammation	[47]
CVD	Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF	Cause liver inflammation	[53–55]
CVD	Dysregulation metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins	Increase hepatic steatosis	[58, 59]

Declarations

Author contributions

CZ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. YS and SL: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MY: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

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Copyright

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