Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

Table 2. TE-derived microRNAs, whose expression is increased in glioblastoma development.

No.	MicroRNA, expression changes	TE source [11]	Where microRNA was determined	Mechanism of influence on GB/target genes (miRDB)
1	miR-28-5p, ↑ [54, 98]	LINE2	GB samples, GB cell lines [54, 98]	Inhibition of FOXO1 tumor suppressor [98]
2	miR-151a, ↑ [54]	LINE2	GB samples [54]	AGO2, RPS6KA5, ME1, YTHDF3, PITPNA, CASD1, CLASP2
3	miR-320d, ↑ [99]	LINE1	GB samples [99]	YOD1, CDKL5, ONECUT2, SPOPL, SH2B3, KITLG, GPBP1
4	hsa-miR-330-5p, ↑ [76]	SINE/MIR	GB samples [76]	CEP85, GPD2, LETM2, PALM, YBY, ETS1, UBXN10, KCNIP2
5	miR-340-5p, ↑ [100]	DNA/TcMar-Mariner	Blood [100]	GTF2E2 [101]
6	miR-374b-3p, ↑ [102]	LINE2	GB cell lines [102]	Stimulation of M2 macrophage polarization [102]
7	miR-374b-5p, ↑ [103]	LINE2	GB cell lines [103]	GATA3, SEMA3B silencing [103]
8	miR-548b, ↑ [104]	DNA/TcMar-Mariner	GB samples [104]	FoxM1 inhibition [104]
9	miR-548o-3p, ↑ [84]	DNA/TcMar-Mariner	Blood [84]	TRAPPC8, CASP8AP2, GPM6A, STRN, GLI3, ZMAT1, ZBTB44, CNTNAP4
10	miR-571, ↑ [84]	LINE1	Blood [84]	REG1A, LAMA1, ZNF426, KCNH7, SCRT2, SPAG8
11	miR-582-5p, ↑ [105]	LINE/CR1	GB samples, GB cell lines [105]	Prevents apoptosis; Bim, caspase 3 and caspase 9 inhibition [105]
12	miR-603, ↑ [106]	DNA/TcMar-Mariner	GB samples, GB cell lines [106]	CTNNBIP1 and WIF1 inhibition [106]
13	miR-626, ↑ [107]	LINE1	Blood serum [107]	PAPOLB, DPY19L3, CDH13, BCL11A, SLAMF7, SMCP
14	miR-640, ↑ [108]	SINE/MIR	GB samples, GB cell lines [108]	SLIT1 inhibition [108]
15	miR-1246, ↑ [109]	LTR/ERVL-MaLR	Plasma and GB exosomes [109]	Stimulation of differentiation myeloid suppressor cells [109]
16	miR-1290, ↑ [110]	DNA/TcMar-Tigger	GB samples [110]	SGO1, RTKN2, HTRA3, OSBPL6, EHHADH, PALM2-AKAP2, AKAP2, ACER3
17	miR-4431, ↑ [84]	ERVL-MaLR	Blood [84]	MITD1, PRAMEF26, SIX3, RNF111, CATSPERZ
18	miR-4448, ↑ [111]	LTR/ERVK	GB cell lines [111]	PAN3, FAM177A1, ARID2, BPTF, CHD2, SOX7, ZNFX1
19	miR-4703-3p, ↑ [84]	DNA/TcMar-Tigger	Blood [84]	CLDN20, EXTL2, CDYL, ZNF239, PHF12, ZNF470, SATL1, DYNAP, MITF
20	miR-6088, ↑ [112]	SINE/Alu	GB samples, GB cell lines [112]	SMARCB1 inhibition [112]

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↑: increased expression; TE: transposable element; GB: glioblastoma; SINE: short interspersed nuclear element; ERVL: endogenous retrovirus L; MaLR: mammalian apparent LTR-retrotransposon.

Declarations

Author contributions

RM: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. The author read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

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