Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

Table 1. Transposable element-derived microRNAs whose expression is reduced in GB development.

No.	MicroRNA, change in expression	TE-source [11]	Where microRNA was determined	Mechanism of influence on GB/target genes (miRDB)
1	miR-95, ↓ [54–56]	LINE2	GB samples [56], GB cell lines [55]	Suppression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition [55]
2	miR-151a-3p (miR-151a), ↓ [57]	LINE2	GB cell lines [57]	Increases the sensitivity of cells to TMZ [57]
3	miR-224-3p, ↓ [58]	DNA/MER135	GB cell lines [58]	Inhibits ATG5 expression, increases cell sensitivity to TMZ [58]
4	miR-224-5p, ↓ [59]	DNA/MER135	GB samples [59]	CXCR4 inhibition [59]
5	miR-342-3p, ↓ [60]	SINE/tRNA-RTE	GB cell lines [60]	Zic4 inhibition [60]
6	miR-345-5p, ↓ [61]	SINE/MIR	Blood plasma exosomes [61]	EPN3, CTTNBP2NL, YEATS2, RFC1, RAB27B, ZNF133, RPA1, KMT5B
7	miR-361-3p, ↓ [62]	DNA/hAT-Charlie	GB samples, GB cell lines [62]	BCL2 inhibition [62]
8	miR-361-5p, ↓ [63]	DNA/hAT-Charlie	GB cell lines [63]	ACTG1 inhibition [63]
9	miR-374a, ↓ [64]	LINE1	GB cell lines [64]	Stimulation of GB cells apoptosis [64]
10	miR-378a-3p, ↓ [65]	SINE/MIR	GB cell lines [65]	TSPAN17 inhibition [65]
11	miR-422a, ↓ [66]	SINE/MIR	GB samples [66]	PIK3CA inhibition [66]
12	miR-513, ↓ [67]	DNA/hAT-Tip100	GB samples [67]	IGF2BP1 inhibition [67]
13	miR-548x-3p (miR-548x), ↓ [68]	DNA/TcMar-Mariner	GB cell lines [68]	mTOR, RHEB, PDK1, PI3K/AKT inhibition [68]
14	miR-562, ↓ [69]	LINE1	GB samples [69]	c-MET/AKT signaling pathway inhibition [69]
15	miR-576-3p, ↓ [70]	LINE1	GB cell lines [70]	HIF-1α inhibition [70]
16	miR-579, ↓ [71]	DNA/TcMar-Mariner	GB cell lines [71]	PDK1, Rheb, AKT1 inhibition [71]
17	miR-584-5p, ↓ [72]	DNA/hAT-Blackjack	GB samples, GB cell lines [72]	KPNB1 inhibition [72]
18	miR-587, ↓ [73]	DNA/hAT-Tip100	GB samples [73]	PDIA3 inhibition [73]
19	miR-588, ↓ [74]	LINE1	GB cell lines [74]	ROBO1 inhibition [74]
20	miR-612, ↓ [75]	SINE/MIR	GB samples [75]	AKT2 inhibition [75]
21	miR-619, ↓ [76]	SINE/Alu	GB samples [76]	MDGA2, WBP1L, MAPK9, OGT, PTPRA, ACVR2B
22	miR-625-5p (miR-625), ↓ [77]	LINE1	GB samples [77]	AKT2 inhibition [77]
23	miR-634, ↓ [78]	LINE1	GB cell lines [78]	CYR61 inhibition [78]
24	miR-646, ↓ [79]	LTR/ERVL	GB samples [79]	р62/Keap1/Nrf2 signaling and HO-1 inhibition [79]
25	miR-652-5p, ↓ [80]	DNA/hAT-Tip100	GB samples, GB cell lines [80]	SDC1/TGFβ2/pERBB4 signaling inhibition [80]
26	miR-708-3p, ↓ [54]	LINE2	GB samples [54]	SCAMP1, JARID2, TRAF3, VIM, BAZ1B, SPRED1, HSPA4L
27	miR-708-5p (miR-708), ↓ [81, 54]	LINE2	GB cell lines [81], GB samples [54]	Akt1, Bcl2, CCND1, EZH2, MMP2, PARP-1 genes inhibition [81]
28	miR-885-3p, ↓ [82]	SINE/MIR	GB samples, GB cell lines [82]	RGS8, GPCPD1, RAVER2, SOCS6, SPATS2L, RARG, ARMH3, NAT8L, IGF1R
29	miR-1249-3p, ↓ [54]	LINE2	GB samples [54]	GRB14, RGN, TBPL2, SPATA17, CCDC141, ADGRG2
30	miR-1268a, ↓ [83]	SINE/Alu	GB samples [83]	ABCC1 inhibition, increased sensitivity of GB to TMZ [83]
31	miR-1268b, ↓ [84]	SINE/Alu	GB samples [84]	STXBP1, EEPD1, EGR4, CMIP, FCAR, HPD, USB1
32	miR-1271, ↓ [85]	LINE2	GB samples [85]	CaMKII inhibition [85]
33	miR-1294, ↓ [86]	SINE/MIR	GB samples [86]	Inhibition of MYC and Wnt/β-catenin signaling [86]
34	miR-1303, ↓ [87]	SINE/Alu	GB samples [87]	HOXA10 gene inhibition [87]
35	miR-1321, ↓ [88]	SINE/MIR	GB cell lines [88]	SERPINA1 inhibition [88]
36	miR-1825, ↓ [89]	LINE2	GB cell lines [89]	Wnt/β-catenin inhibition [89]
37	miR-3174, ↓ [90]	DNA/hAT-Charlie	GB samples, GB cell lines [90]	CDK6, PLAU, RHOA, MDM2, CD44 inhibition [90]
38	miR-3201, ↓ [91]	LINE2	GB samples [91]	TENM1, SLITRK1, GCH1, NT5E, TMEM265, EPM2A
39	miR-3664 (miR-3664-5p), ↓ [84]	DNA/TcMar-Tigger	GB samples [84]	RIPOR1, ITK, MTDH, CAMTA2, TJP3, CCSER1, PTPRJ, LIX1
40	miR-3681, ↓ [92]	LTR/ERVL	GB samples [92]	MALT1 inhibition [92]
41	miR-4286, ↓ [93]	LTR/ERVL-MaLR	GB samples [93]	Regulates relationship between TGF-β and IGF-1 [93]
42	miR-4496, ↓ [94]	SINE/MIR	GB cell lines [94]	Suppresses epithelial–mesenchymal transition [94]
43	miR-7973, ↓ [95]	SINE/MIR	GB cell lines [95]	ZC3H12B, NATD1, ZFYVE26, PXDN, IRAK4, RASL10A, GLE1

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↓: decrease in expression; TE: transposable element; GB: glioblastoma; TMZ: temozolomide; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; CaMKII: calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; TGF: transforming growth factor; SINE: short interspersed nuclear element; tRNA: transfer RNA; c-MET: cellular-mesenchymal-epithelial transition; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; ERVL: endogenous retrovirus L; MaLR: mammalian apparent LTR-retrotransposon; RTE: retrotransposon encoded; MIR: mammalian-wide interspersed repeat; TSPAN17: tetraspanin 17.

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RM: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. The author read and approved the submitted version.

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