Ligand-receptor pairs in the colocalization regions of tumor and stromal cells in luminal and triple-negative breast cancer (BC): (I) common pairs for luminal and triple-negative BC, (II) pairs unique to luminal BC, (III) pairs unique to triple-negative BC.
| Ligand | Receptor | Cells expressing ligand | Cells expressing receptor | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. Luminal and triple-negative BC | |||||
| CDH1 | CDH1 | tumor cells | tumor cells | epithelial cells adhesion, EMT regulation | [19, 20] |
| CDH1 | ITGA2_ITGB1 | tumor cells | tumor cells | cell-cell adhesion | [21] |
| HLA-DMA | CD4 | tumor cells, APCs | T cells | antigen presentation | [22] |
| HLA-DMB | CD4 | tumor cells, APCs | T cells | antigen presentation | [22] |
| HLA-DQA1 | CD4 | tumor cells, APCs | T cells | antigen presentation | [22] |
| OCLN | OCLN | tumor cells | tumor cells | tight junctions | [23] |
| II. Luminal BC | |||||
| APP | CD74 | tumor cells | macrophages | suppressing the phagocytic activity of macrophages | [24] |
| CD46 | JAG1 | T cells | epithelial cells, endothelial cells | induction of T helper 1 effector T cells and their switching into regulatory T cells | [25, 26] |
| CD99 | CD99L2 | tumor cells, immune cells | tumor cells, immune cells | adhesion, transendothelial migration, differentiation, cell death | [27] |
| CDH5 | CDH5 | tumor cells, endothelial cells | tumor cells, endothelial cells | epithelial cells, endothelial cells adhesion | [28] |
| DSC2 | DSG2 | tumor cells | tumor cells | formation of desmosomes | [29] |
| DSG2 | DSC3 | tumor cells | tumor cells | formation of desmosomes | [29] |
| ENTPD1 | ADORA1 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, immune cells | immune cells | activating immune suppressor cells | [30] |
| HLA-DPA1 | CD4 | tumor cells, APCs | T cells | antigen presentation | [22] |
| HLA-DPB1 | CD4 | tumor cells, APCs | T cells | antigen presentation | [22] |
| HLA-DRA | CD4 | tumor cells, APCs | T cells | antigen presentation | [22] |
| HLA-DRB1 | CD4 | tumor cells, APCs | T cells | antigen presentation | [22] |
| HLA-DRB5 | CD4 | tumor cells, APCs | T cells | antigen presentation | [22] |
| HLA-DOA | CD4 | tumor cells, APCs | T cells | antigen presentation | [22] |
| ICAM1 | ITGAX_ITGB2 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, immune cells | immune cells | stabilizing cell-cell interactions and promoting leukocyte-endothelial migration | [31] |
| ICAM1 | ITGAM_ITGB2 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, immune cells | immune cells | stabilizing cell-cell interactions and promoting leukocyte-endothelial migration | [31] |
| ITGA9_ITGB1 | VCAM1 | tumor cells | endothelial cells, tumor cells | cell adhesion, migration | [32, 33] |
| ITGA4_ITGB7 | VCAM1 | leukocytes | endothelial cells, tumor cells | rolling and firm adhesion | [32] |
| ITGA4_ITGB1 | VCAM1 | leukocytes | endothelial cells, tumor cells | rolling and firm adhesion | [32] |
| ITGB2 | ICAM1 | leukocytes | tumor cells, endothelial cells, immune cells | leukocyte trafficking and adhesion | [34] |
| JAM2 | ITGAV_ITGB1 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | immune cells | leukocyte trafficking | [35] |
| JAM2 | ITGA3_ITGB1 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | immune cells | leukocyte trafficking | [35] |
| JAM3 | ITGAM_ITGB2 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | immune cells | leukocyte trafficking | [36] |
| JAM2 | JAM2 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | tight junctions, leukocyte trafficking | [35] |
| JAM2 | JAM3 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | tight junctions, leukocyte trafficking | [37] |
| JAM3 | JAM2 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | tight junctions, leukocyte trafficking | [37] |
| JAM3 | JAM3 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | tight junctions, leukocyte trafficking | [37] |
| PECAM1 | PECAM1 | endothelial cells, tumor cells | endothelial cells, tumor cells | angiogenesis, maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity | [38] |
| THY1 | ITGAV_ITGB3 | endothelial cells, fibroblasts | tumor cells | adhesion and transmigration of tumor cells | [39] |
| THY1 | ITGAX_ITGB2 | endothelial cells, fibroblasts | immune cells | leukocyte adhesion to activated endothelium | [40] |
| THY1 | ITGAM_ITGB2 | endothelial cells, fibroblasts | immune cells | leukocyte adhesion to activated endothelium | [40] |
| III. Triple-negative BC | |||||
| ADGRE5 | CD55 | tumor cells, immune cells | tumor cells, immune cells | modulation of various tumorigenic mechanisms | [41] |
| F11R | F11R | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | tight junctions, EMT regulation, leukocyte trafficking | [42] |
| F11R | ITGAL_ITGB2 | tumor cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes | immune cells | leukocyte transendothelial migration | [36] |