Clinico-pathological characteristics of analysed patients.
| Variable | No. (%) | OM | PM | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Median: 64Range: 27–82 | Median: 67Range: 27–81 | Median: 62Range: 31–82 | 0.0724 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 45 (35.4) | 12 | 33 | 0.0306 |
| Male | 82 (64.6) | 38 | 44 | |
| Side | ||||
| Left | 82 (64.6) | 36 | 46 | 0.1598 |
| Right | 45 (35.4) | 14 | 31 | |
| Grading | ||||
| G1/2 | 81 (63.8) | 40 | 41 | 0.0023 |
| G3 | 46 (36.2) | 10 | 36 | |
| pT | ||||
| 1/2 | 14 (11.0) | 7 | 7 | 0.4268 |
| 3 | 66 (52.0) | 35 | 31 | |
| 4 | 17 (13.4) | 6 | 11 | |
| Unknown | 30 (23.6) | 2 | 28 | |
| pN | ||||
| 0 | 35 (27.6) | 20 | 15 | 0.4379 |
| 1 | 38 (29.9) | 16 | 22 | |
| 2 | 24 (18.9) | 12 | 12 | |
| Unknown | 30 (23.6) | 2 | 28 | |
| No. of metastatic sites | ||||
| 1 | 36 (28.3) | 6 | 30 | 0.0010 |
| ≥ 2 | 91 (71.7) | 44 | 47 | |
| Liver involvement | ||||
| Yes | 85 (66.9) | 32 | 53 | 0.5733 |
| No | 42 (33.1) | 18 | 24 | |
| Response to first-line therapy | ||||
| Disease control | 90 (70.9) | 30 | 60 | 0.9007 |
| No disease control | 25 (19.7) | 8 | 17 | |
| No systemic therapy | 12 (9.4) | 12 | 0 | |
| Stereotactic radiotherapy or MWA | ||||
| Yes | 14 (11.0) | 9 | 5 | 0.0439 |
| No | 113 (89.0) | 41 | 72 | |
| Liver or lung metastasectomy | ||||
| Yes | 54 (42.5) | 35 | 19 | < 0.0001 |
| No | 73 (57.5) | 15 | 58 | |
MWA: microwave ablation; OM: oligometastatic; PM: polymetastatic; pN: pathological nodal status.
The supplementary materials for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1002371_sup_1.pdf.
We would like to express our gratitude to the TRIAL scientific association (CF: 92088670622) for their invaluable and unwavering collaboration on this work.
RS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. CP: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing—review & editing. FS: Conceptualization, Validation, Data curation. NP: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing—original draft. MC: Validation. MS: Validation. MI: Validation, Investigation. RR: Validation, Investigation. LC: Methodology, Validation. VG: Methodology, Investigation. GC: Methodology, Investigation. MB: Investigation. GS: Methodology, Validation, Writing—original draft, Supervision. AO: Conceptualization, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Roberto Sirica, Nadia Petrillo, Monica Ianniello, Raffaella Ruggiero, Luisa Circelli, and Giovanni Savarese are employed by AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, 80013 Naples, Italy. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Centro AMES under protocol no. CA03/2025. It was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.
Informed consent to participate in genetic testing in this study was obtained from all participants.
Not applicable.
Raw sequencing data have been deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under the accession numbers reported at https://zenodo.org/records/18845198 (last accessed March 3, 2026).
This work was supported by grants from the Centro AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, 80013 Naples, Italy. Dr. Ottaiano is the recipient of a grant funded by the Italian Government, Ministry of Health (www.salute.gov.it; accessed on March 2, 2026), under the Ricerca Corrente L4/8 program. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
© The Author(s) 2026.
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