mRNA expression levels of immune cells in urine sediments at each of four time points.
| Target | RNA expression in urine sediments (TaqMan assay ID) | Pre-TURBT | Before BCG | After BCG | 3 months | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDSC | CD33 | Mean ± SD | 0.064 ± 0.058 | 0.11 ± 0.079 | 0.15 ± 0.11 | 0.14 ± 0.13 |
| P value (vs. baseline) | Baseline | 0.047 | 0.039 | 0.047 | ||
| Immune checkpoint | PD-L1 (CD274) | Mean ± SD | 4.8 ± 6.6 | 3.6 ± 3.8 | 8.1 ± 4.0 | 7.0 ± 5.3 |
| P value (vs. baseline) | Baseline | 0.7 | 0.065 | 0.01 | ||
| PD-L2 (PDCD1LG2) | Mean ± SD | 1.9 ± 2.9 | 1.8 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 6.3 | 2.6 ± 4.5 | |
| P value (vs. baseline) | Baseline | 0.94 | 0.0015 | 0.45 | ||
| Macrophage | CD204 (MSR1) | Mean ± SD | 0.24 ± 0.34 | 0.34 ± 0.18 | 0.60 ± 0.43 | 0.49 ± 0.59 |
| P value (vs. baseline) | Baseline | 0.088 | 0.007 | 0.032 | ||
Mean ± SD ΔCt values (relative to GAPDH) for CD33, PD-L1 (CD274), PD-L2 (PDCD1LG2), and CD204 (MSR1) in urine sediment collected before TURBT, before BCG induction, immediately after completion of six BCG instillations, and 3 months after BCG. P values are from paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests comparing each time point with the pre-TURBT baseline. Lower ΔCt values indicate higher transcript abundance. MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cell; TURBT: transurethral resection of bladder tumor; BCG: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin.
The supplementary figures for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1002365_sup_1.pdf. The supplementary tables for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1002365_sup_2.xlsx.
We thank the patients who participated in this study. We also thank Sayuri Onishi and Mariko Yoshimura (Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan) for their technical assistance. The authors are responsible for obtaining permission from the acknowledged individuals and institutions.
YO: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition. NN, TS, TO, KI, YN: Data curation, Writing—review & editing. NT, KF: Supervision, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Yuki Oda and Makito Miyake, who are the Guest Editors of Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy, had no involvement in the decision-making or review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
The study was approved by the Nara Medical University Ethics Committee (No. 3698).
Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
Written informed consent for publication of de-identified data was obtained from all participants.
Raw 16S rRNA gene sequencing reads have been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under BioProject PRJNA1413953. Other datasets generated for this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (Grant Number 23K08720 to Makito Miyake). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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