Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Łukasiewicz S, Czeczelewski M, Forma A, Baj J, Sitarz R, Stanisławek A. Breast Cancer-Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies-An Updated Review.Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:4287. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yang SX, Hewitt SM, Yu J. Locoregional tumor burden and risk of mortality in metastatic breast cancer.NPJ Precis Oncol. 2022;6:22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Welch DR, Hurst DR. Defining the Hallmarks of Metastasis.Cancer Res. 2019;79:3011–27. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Huang JF, Shen J, Li X, Rengan R, Silvestris N, Wang M, et al. Incidence of patients with bone metastases at diagnosis of solid tumors in adults: a large population-based study.Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:482. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fares J, Fares MY, Khachfe HH, Salhab HA, Fares Y. Molecular principles of metastasis: a hallmark of cancer revisited.Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:28. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Robinson DR, Wu YM, Lonigro RJ, Vats P, Cobain E, Everett J, et al. Integrative clinical genomics of metastatic cancer.Nature. 2017;548:297–303. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Birkbak NJ, McGranahan N. Cancer Genome Evolutionary Trajectories in Metastasis.Cancer Cell. 2020;37:8–19. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation.Cell. 2011;144:646–74. [DOI] [PubMed]
García-Heredia JM, Felipe-Abrio B, Cano DA, Carnero A. Genetic modification of hypoxia signaling in animal models and its effect on cancer.Clin Transl Oncol. 2015;17:90–102. [DOI] [PubMed]
Radisky ES, Radisky DC. Matrix metalloproteinases as breast cancer drivers and therapeutic targets.Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2015;20:1144–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Metelli A, Wu BX, Riesenberg B, Guglietta S, Huck JD, Mills C, et al. Thrombin contributes to cancer immune evasion via proteolysis of platelet-bound GARP to activate LTGF-β.Sci Transl Med. 2020;12:eaay4860. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ruf W, Yokota N, Schaffner F. Tissue factor in cancer progression and angiogenesis.Thromb Res. 2010;125:S36–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cole M, Bromberg M. Tissue factor as a novel target for treatment of breast cancer.Oncologist. 2013;18:14–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Patadia H, Priyadarshini A, Gangawane A. Integrated proteomic, transcriptomic, and genomic analysis identifies fibrinogen beta and fibrinogen gamma as key modulators of breast cancer progression and metastasis.Biomed Biotechnol Res J. 2022;6:266–77. [DOI]
Walker AJ, Card TR, West J, Crooks C, Grainge MJ. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer - a cohort study using linked United Kingdom databases.Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:1404–13. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mitrugno A, Tormoen GW, Kuhn P, McCarty OJ. The prothrombotic activity of cancer cells in the circulation.Blood Rev. 2016;30:11–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Schneider SW, Gorzelanny C. Crosstalk between Circulating Tumor Cells and Plasma Proteins-Impact on Coagulation and Anticoagulation.Cancers (Basel). 2023;15:3025. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kirwan CC, Descamps T, Castle J. Circulating tumour cells and hypercoagulability: a lethal relationship in metastatic breast cancer.Clin Transl Oncol. 2020;22:870–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wirtz D, Konstantopoulos K, Searson PC. The physics of cancer: the role of physical interactions and mechanical forces in metastasis.Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11:512–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhou L, Zhang Z, Tian Y, Li Z, Liu Z, Zhu S. The critical role of platelet in cancer progression and metastasis.Eur J Med Res. 2023;28:385. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Anvari S, Osei E, Maftoon N. Interactions of platelets with circulating tumor cells contribute to cancer metastasis.Sci Rep. 2021;11:15477. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zheng LF, Chen P, Wang Z, Wang XJ, Lei L. Preliminary study on the role of serum PECAM-1 in metastatic breast cancer.Transl Cancer Res. 2017;6:1207–13. [DOI]
Liu S, Fang J, Jiao D, Liu Z. Elevated Platelet Count Predicts Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer Patients with Supraclavicular Lymph Node Metastasis.Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:6069–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Neubauer K, Zieger B. Endothelial cells and coagulation.Cell Tissue Res. 2022;387:391–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jiang D, Jiao L, Li Q, Xie R, Jia H, Wang S, et al. Neutrophil-derived migrasomes are an essential part of the coagulation system.Nat Cell Biol. 2024;26:1110–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kapoor S, Opneja A, Nayak L. The role of neutrophils in thrombosis.Thromb Res. 2018;170:87–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Morales-Pacheco M, Valenzuela-Mayen M, Gonzalez-Alatriste AM, Mendoza-Almanza G, Cortés-Ramírez SA, Losada-García A, et al. The role of platelets in cancer: from their influence on tumor progression to their potential use in liquid biopsy.Biomark Res. 2025;13:27. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Scridon A. Platelets and Their Role in Hemostasis and Thrombosis-From Physiology to Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications.Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:12772. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Starikova EA, Mammedova JT, Rubinstein AA, Sokolov AV, Kudryavtsev IV. Activation of the Coagulation Cascade as a Universal Danger Sign.Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2025;47:108. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vogler EA, Siedlecki CA. Contact activation of blood-plasma coagulation.Biomaterials. 2009;30:1857–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kenne E, Nickel KF, Long AT, Fuchs TA, Stavrou EX, Stahl FR, et al. Factor XII: a novel target for safe prevention of thrombosis and inflammation.J Intern Med. 2015;278:571–85. [DOI] [PubMed]
Gajsiewicz JM, Smith SA, Morrissey JH. Polyphosphate and RNA Differentially Modulate the Contact Pathway of Blood Clotting.J Biol Chem. 2017;292:1808–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Maas C, Govers-Riemslag JWP, Bouma B, Schiks B, Hazenberg BPC, Lokhorst HM, et al. Misfolded proteins activate factor XII in humans, leading to kallikrein formation without initiating coagulation.J Clin Invest. 2008;118:3208–32. [DOI]
Al-Amer OM. The role of thrombin in haemostasis.Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2022;33:145–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mosnier LO, Elisen MG, Bouma BN, Meijers JC. Protein C inhibitor regulates the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex in the up- and down regulation of TAFI activation.Thromb Haemost. 2001;86:1057–64. [PubMed]
Liang Y, Fu Y, Qi R, Wang M, Yang N, He L, et al. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein is a natural inhibitor of thrombin.Blood. 2015;126:905–14. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mast AE, Ruf W. Regulation of coagulation by tissue factor pathway inhibitor: Implications for hemophilia therapy.J Thromb Haemost. 2022;20:1290–300. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Risman RA, Kirby NC, Bannish BE, Hudson NE, Tutwiler V. Fibrinolysis: an illustrated review.Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2023;7:100081. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lima LG, Monteiro RQ. Activation of blood coagulation in cancer: implications for tumour progression.Biosci Rep. 2013;33:e00064. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Weisel JW. Fibrinogen and fibrin.Adv Protein Chem. 2005;70:247–99. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jennewein C, Tran N, Paulus P, Ellinghaus P, Eble JA, Zacharowski K. Novel aspects of fibrin(ogen) fragments during inflammation.Mol Med. 2011;17:568–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vilar R, Fish RJ, Casini A, Neerman-Arbez M. Fibrin(ogen) in human disease: both friend and foe.Haematologica. 2020;105:284–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mousa SA. Emerging links between thrombosis, inflammation and cancer: role of heparin.Acta Chir Belg. 2005;105:237–48. [DOI] [PubMed]
Marchetti M, Russo L, Giaccherini C, Gamba S, Falanga A. Hemostatic system activation in breast cancer: Searching for new biomarkers for cancer risk prediction and outcomes.Thromb Res. 2022;213:S46–50. [DOI] [PubMed]
Nierodzik ML, Karpatkin S. Thrombin induces tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis: Evidence for a thrombin-regulated dormant tumor phenotype.Cancer Cell. 2006;10:355–62. [DOI] [PubMed]
Angelidakis E, Chen S, Zhang S, Wan Z, Kamm RD, Shelton SE. Impact of Fibrinogen, Fibrin Thrombi, and Thrombin on Cancer Cell Extravasation Using In Vitro Microvascular Networks.Adv Healthc Mater. 2023;12:e2202984. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vikey A. D-dimer as an alarming biomarker in various cancers: A review of literature.Glob Med Therap. 2018;1:1–4. [DOI]
Yan X, Niu Y, Yang X, Zhao R, Cui W, Guo X et al. FDP/FIB ratio serves as a novel biomarker for diagnosing bone marrow invasion in gastric cancer and predicting patient prognosis\.Sci Rep. 2025;15:9462. [DOI]
Kelly EJ, Machlus KR, El-Husayni S, Kulenthirarajan R, Forward JA, Italiano JE, et al. Platelets Promote Breast Cancer Metastasis By Reprogramming Tumor Cells to Produce IL-8.Blood. 2015;126:2233. [DOI]
Sharma D, Brummel-Ziedins KE, Bouchard BA, Holmes CE. Platelets in tumor progression: a host factor that offers multiple potential targets in the treatment of cancer.J Cell Physiol. 2014;229:1005–15. [DOI] [PubMed]
Izuegbuna OO, Olawumi HO, Olatoke SA, Agodirin OS. Haemogram pattern and Khorana score of breast cancer patients in a tertiary Centre in Nigeria.Tanzania Med J. 2020;31:110–31.
Gasic GJ, Gasic TB, Stewart CC. Antimetastatic effects associated with platelet reduction.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1968;61:46–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fahdrin A, Sampepajung E, Pieter J, Kasim F, Smaradhania N, Prihantono P, et al. Platelet count and breast cancer stage.Breast Dis. 2022;41:489–93. [DOI] [PubMed]
Liao K, Zhang X, Liu J, Teng F, He Y, Cheng J, et al. The role of platelets in the regulation of tumor growth and metastasis: the mechanisms and targeted therapy.MedComm (2020). 2023;4:e350. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang L, Zhang K, Feng J, Wang D, Liu J. The Progress of Platelets in Breast Cancer.Cancer Manag Res. 2023;15:811–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Reghukumar SK, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Tumour cell-induced platelet aggregation in breast cancer: Scope of metal nanoparticles.Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2025;1880:189276. [DOI] [PubMed]
Strasenburg W, Jóźwicki J, Durślewicz J, Kuffel B, Kulczyk MP, Kowalewski A, et al. Tumor Cell-Induced Platelet Aggregation as an Emerging Therapeutic Target for Cancer Therapy.Front Oncol. 2022;12:909767. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tera Y, Azzam H, Abousamra N, Zaki M, Eltantawy A, Awad M, et al. Platelet Activation and Platelet Indices as Markers for Disease Progression in Women with Breast Cancer.Arch Breast Cancer. 2022;9:346–53. [DOI]
Hernández NA, Correa E, Avila EP, Vela TA, Pérez VM. PAR1 is selectively over expressed in high grade breast cancer patients: a cohort study.J Transl Med. 2009;7:47. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Janus-Bell E, Liboni C, Yakusheva A, Mittelheisser V, Mouriaux C, Bourdon C, et al. Depletion of all platelet integrins impacts hemostasis, thrombosis, and tumor metastasis.iScience. 2025;28:113250. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Elayat G, Selim A. Angiogenesis in breast cancer: insights and innovations.Clin Exp Med. 2024;24:178. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sharma P, Chida K, Wu R, Tung K, Hakamada K, Ishikawa T, et al. VEGFA Gene Expression in Breast Cancer Is Associated With Worse Prognosis, but Better Response to Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy.World J Oncol. 2025;16:120–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kirwan CC, Byrne GJ, Kumar S, McDowell G. Platelet release of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer.J Angiogenes Res. 2009;1:7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jiang L, Luan Y, Miao X, Sun C, Li K, Huang Z, et al. Platelet releasate promotes breast cancer growth and angiogenesis via VEGF-integrin cooperative signalling.Br J Cancer. 2017;117:695–703. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Peterson JE, Zurakowski D, Italiano JE Jr, Michel LV, Fox L, Klement GL, et al. Normal ranges of angiogenesis regulatory proteins in human platelets.Am J Hematol. 2010;85:487–93. [DOI] [PubMed]
Italiano JE Jr, Richardson JL, Patel-Hett S, Battinelli E, Zaslavsky A, Short S, et al. Angiogenesis is regulated by a novel mechanism: pro- and antiangiogenic proteins are organized into separate platelet alpha granules and differentially released.Blood. 2008;111:1227–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Battinelli EM, Markens BA, Italiano JE Jr. Release of angiogenesis regulatory proteins from platelet alpha granules: modulation of physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis.Blood. 2011;118:1359–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kim KS, Park YS. Antitumor effects of angiostatin K1-3 and endostatin genes coadministered by the hydrodynamics-based transfection method.Oncol Res. 2005;15:343–50. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ho-Tin-Noé B, Boulaftali Y, Camerer E. Platelets and vascular integrity: how platelets prevent bleeding in inflammation.Blood. 2018;131:277–88. [DOI] [PubMed]
Genitoni M, Merolle L, Razzoli A, Maurizi E, Gavioli G, Baricchi R, et al. TGFβ enhances platelet-breast-cancer-cell interaction and promotes platelet aggregation.FEBS J. 2026;293:1045–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Schmied L, Höglund P, Meinke S. Platelet-Mediated Protection of Cancer Cells From Immune Surveillance - Possible Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy.Front Immunol. 2021;12:640578. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Maurer S, Kropp KN, Klein G, Steinle A, Haen SP, Walz JS, et al. Platelet-mediated shedding of NKG2D ligands impairs NK cell immune-surveillance of tumor cells.Oncoimmunology. 2017;7:e1364827. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Haemmerle M, Stone RL, Menter DG, Afshar-Kharghan V, Sood AK. The Platelet Lifeline to Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities.Cancer Cell. 2018;33:965–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhao F, Li L, Guan L, Yang H, Wu C, Liu Y. Roles for GP IIb/IIIa and αvβ3 integrins in MDA-MB-231 cell invasion and shear flow-induced cancer cell mechanotransduction.Cancer Lett. 2014;344:62–73. [DOI] [PubMed]
Borsig L. Selectins in cancer immunity.Glycobiology. 2018;28:648–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bendas G, Schlesinger M. The GPIb-IX complex on platelets: insight into its novel physiological functions affecting immune surveillance, hepatic thrombopoietin generation, platelet clearance and its relevance for cancer development and metastasis.Exp Hematol Oncol. 2022;11:19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jain S, Zuka M, Liu J, Russell S, Dent J, Guerrero JA, et al. Platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha supports experimental lung metastasis.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:9024–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen WY, Ballman KV, Winer EP, Openshaw TH, Hahn OM, Briccetti FM, et al. A randomized phase III, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of aspirin as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer (A011502): The Aspirin after Breast Cancer (ABC) Trial.J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:36. [DOI]
Johns C, Yen A, Rahimi A, Liu YL, Leitch AM, Spangler A, et al. Aspirin Use Is Associated With Improved Outcomes in Inflammatory Breast Cancer Patients.J Breast Cancer. 2023;26:14–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kononczuk J, Surazynski A, Czyzewska U, Prokop I, Tomczyk M, Palka J, et al. αIIbβ3-integrin Ligands: Abciximab and Eptifibatide as Proapoptotic Factors in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells.Curr Drug Targets. 2015;16:1429–37. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yap ML, McFadyen JD, Wang X, Ziegler M, Chen YC, Willcox A, et al. Activated platelets in the tumor microenvironment for targeting of antibody-drug conjugates to tumors and metastases.Theranostics. 2019;9:1154–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rab SO, Altalbawy FMA, Bishoyi AK, Ballal S, Kareem M, Singh A, et al. Targeting platelet-tumor cell interactions: a novel approach to cancer therapy.Med Oncol. 2025;42:232. [DOI] [PubMed]
Morris K, Schnoor B, Papa AL. Platelet cancer cell interplay as a new therapeutic target.Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2022;1877:188770. [DOI] [PubMed]
Cimmino G, Cirillo P. Tissue factor: newer concepts in thrombosis and its role beyond thrombosis and hemostasis.Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2018;8:581–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Demetz G, Ott I. The Interface between Inflammation and Coagulation in Cardiovascular Disease.Int J Inflam. 2012;2012:860301. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wojtukiewicz MZ, Hempel D, Sierko E, Tucker SC, Honn KV. Protease-activated receptors (PARs)--biology and role in cancer invasion and metastasis.Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2015;34:775–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ahmadi SE, Shabannezhad A, Kahrizi A, Akbar A, Safdari SM, Hoseinnezhad T, et al. Tissue factor (coagulation factor III): a potential double-edge molecule to be targeted and re-targeted toward cancer.Biomark Res. 2023;11:60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ueno T, Toi M, Koike M, Nakamura S, Tominaga T. Tissue factor expression in breast cancer tissues: its correlation with prognosis and plasma concentration.Br J Cancer. 2000;83:164–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
van den Berg YW, Osanto S, Reitsma PH, Versteeg HH. The relationship between tissue factor and cancer progression: insights from bench and bedside.Blood. 2012;119:924–32. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hassan N, Efing J, Kiesel L, Bendas G, Götte M. The Tissue Factor Pathway in Cancer: Overview and Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans.Cancers (Basel). 2023;15:1524. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hassan N, Bückreiß N, Efing J, Schulz-Fincke M, König P, Greve B, et al. The Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Syndecan-1 Triggers Breast Cancer Cell-Induced Coagulability by Induced Expression of Tissue Factor.Cells. 2023;12:910. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bluff JE, Cross SS, Brown NJ, Reed MW, Staton CA. Assessment of angiogenesis in the hyperplasia preinvasive, invasive breast carcinoma sequence.Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10:46. [DOI]
Hisada Y, Mackman N. Tissue Factor and Extracellular Vesicles: Activation of Coagulation and Impact on Survival in Cancer.Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:3839. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Stämpfli SF, Akhmedov A, Hausladen S, Varga Z, Dedes KJ, Hellermann J, et al. Tissue Factor Expression Does Not Predict Mortality in Breast Cancer Patients.Anticancer Res. 2017;37:3259–64. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zelaya H, Rothmeier AS, Ruf W. Tissue factor at the crossroad of coagulation and cell signaling.J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16:1941–52. [DOI] [PubMed]
Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases.Thromb J. 2019;17:4. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rao LV, Pendurthi UR. Tissue factor-factor VIIa signaling.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:47–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Unruh D, Horbinski C. Beyond thrombosis: the impact of tissue factor signaling in cancer.J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13:93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Åberg M, Edén D, Siegbahn A. Activation of β1 integrins and caveolin-1 by TF/FVIIa promotes IGF-1R signaling and cell survival.Apoptosis. 2020;25:519–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ünlü B, Kocatürk B, Rondon AMR, Lewis CS, Swier N, van den Akker RFP, et al. Integrin regulation by tissue factor promotes cancer stemness and metastatic dissemination in breast cancer.Oncogene. 2022;41:5176–85. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jiang X, Zhu S, Panetti TS, Bromberg ME. Formation of tissue factor-factor VIIa-factor Xa complex induces activation of the mTOR pathway which regulates migration of human breast cancer cells.Thromb Haemost. 2008;100:127–33. [DOI] [PubMed]
Alalem M, Ray A, Ray BK. Metformin induces degradation of mTOR protein in breast cancer cells.Cancer Med. 2016;5:3194–204. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jaglanian A, Tsiani E. Rosemary Extract Inhibits Proliferation, Survival, Akt, and mTOR Signaling in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells.Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:810. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Aberg M, Wickström M, Siegbahn A. Simvastatin induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells in a NFkappaB-dependent manner and abolishes the anti-apoptotic signaling of TF/FVIIa and TF/FVIIa/FXa.Thromb Res. 2008;122:191–202. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kroone C, Tieken C, Kocatürk B, Paauwe M, Blok EJ, Ünlü B, et al. Tumor-expressed factor VII is associated with survival and regulates tumor progression in breast cancer.Blood Adv. 2023;7:2388–400. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chu AJ. Tissue factor, blood coagulation, and beyond: an overview.Int J Inflam. 2011;2011:367284. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bluff JE, Brown NJ, Reed MW, Staton CA. Tissue factor, angiogenesis and tumour progression.Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10:204. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mechtcheriakova D, Wlachos A, Holzmüller H, Binder BR, Hofer E. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced tissue factor expression in endothelial cells is mediated by EGR-1.Blood. 1999;93:3811–23. [PubMed]
Bogdanov VY, Balasubramanian V, Hathcock J, Vele O, Lieb M, Nemerson Y. Alternatively spliced human tissue factor: a circulating, soluble, thrombogenic protein.Nat Med. 2003;9:458–62. [DOI] [PubMed]
Matiash K, Lewis CS, Bogdanov VY. Functional Characteristics and Regulated Expression of Alternatively Spliced Tissue Factor: An Update.Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:4652. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kocatürk B, Tieken C, Vreeken D, Ünlü B, Engels CC, de Kruijf EM, et al. Alternatively spliced tissue factor synergizes with the estrogen receptor pathway in promoting breast cancer progression.J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13:1683–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hu C, Huang L, Gest C, Xi X, Janin A, Soria C, et al. Opposite regulation by PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways of tissue factor expression, cell-associated procoagulant activity and invasiveness in MDA-MB-231 cells.J Hematol Oncol. 2012;5:16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hu Z, Shen R, Campbell A, McMichael E, Yu L, Ramaswamy B, et al. Targeting Tissue Factor for Immunotherapy of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Using a Second-Generation ICON.Cancer Immunol Res. 2018;6:671–84. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hu Z. Tissue factor as a new target for CAR-NK cell immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer.Sci Rep. 2020;10:2815. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Markham A. Tisotumab Vedotin: First Approval.Drugs. 2021;81:2141–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Feng S, Gunawan R, Passey C, Voellinger J, Polhamus D, Gerritsen A, et al. Exposure-safety Markov modeling of ocular adverse events in patient populations treated with tisotumab vedotin.J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2025;52:55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Liu X, Yu J, Song S, Yue X, Li Q. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1): a promising molecular target for cancer.Oncotarget. 2017;8:107334–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Versteeg HH, Schaffner F, Kerver M, Petersen HH, Ahamed J, Felding-Habermann B, et al. Inhibition of tissue factor signaling suppresses tumor growth.Blood. 2008;111:190–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bobek V, Boubelik M, Kovarík J, Taltynov O. Inhibition of adhesion breast cancer cells by anticoagulant drugs and cimetidine.Neoplasma. 2003;50:148–51. [PubMed]
Bobek V, Kovarík J. Antitumor and antimetastatic effect of warfarin and heparins.Biomed Pharmacother. 2004;58:213–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Castle J, Blower E, Bundred NJ, Harvey JR, Thachil J, Marshall A, et al. Rivaroxaban compared to no treatment in ER-negative stage I-III early breast cancer patients (the TIP Trial): study protocol for a phase II preoperative window-of-opportunity study design randomised controlled trial.Trials. 2020;21:749. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Morais KLP, Ciccone L, Stura E, Alvarez-Flores MP, Mourier G, Driessche MV, et al. Structural and functional properties of the Kunitz-type and C-terminal domains of Amblyomin-X supporting its antitumor activity.Front Mol Biosci. 2023;10:1072751. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhao D, Qiao J, He H, Song J, Zhao S, Yu J. TFPI2 suppresses breast cancer progression through inhibiting TWIST-integrin α5 pathway.Mol Med. 2020;26:27. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Di Cera E. Thrombin.Mol Aspects Med. 2008;29:203–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Di Cera E. Thrombin as procoagulant and anticoagulant.J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:196–202. [DOI] [PubMed]
Han X, Nieman MT. The domino effect triggered by the tethered ligand of the protease activated receptors.Thromb Res. 2020;196:87–98. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Snyder KM, Kessler CM. The pivotal role of thrombin in cancer biology and tumorigenesis.Semin Thromb Hemost. 2008;34:734–41. [DOI] [PubMed]
Marchetti M, Giaccherini C, Masci G, Verzeroli C, Russo L, Celio L, et al.; HYPERCAN Investigators. Thrombin generation predicts early recurrence in breast cancer patients.J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18:2220–31. [DOI] [PubMed]
Gomez-Rosas P, Pesenti M, Verzeroli C, Giaccherini C, Russo L, Sarmiento R, et al.; HYPERCAN Investigators. Validation of the Role of Thrombin Generation Potential by a Fully Automated System in the Identification of Breast Cancer Patients at High Risk of Disease Recurrence.TH Open. 2021;5:e56–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Liao R, Chen X, Ying X, Chen G, Li M, et al. Twist-mediated PAR1 induction is required for breast cancer progression and metastasis by inhibiting Hippo pathway.Cell Death Dis. 2020;11:520. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Protease-Activated Receptor 1 as Therapeutic Target in Breast, Lung, and Ovarian Cancer: Pepducin Approach.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:2237. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yang E, Boire A, Agarwal A, Nguyen N, O’Callaghan K, Tu P, et al. Blockade of PAR1 signaling with cell-penetrating pepducins inhibits Akt survival pathways in breast cancer cells and suppresses tumor survival and metastasis.Cancer Res. 2009;69:6223–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhong W, Chen S, Qin Y, Zhang H, Wang H, Meng J, et al. Doxycycline inhibits breast cancer EMT and metastasis through PAR-1/NF-κB/miR-17/E-cadherin pathway.Oncotarget. 2017;8:104855–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
DeFeo K, Hayes C, Chernick M, Ryn JV, Gilmour SK. Use of dabigatran etexilate to reduce breast cancer progression.Cancer Biol Ther. 2010;10:1001–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Alexander ET, Minton AR, Hayes CS, Goss A, Van Ryn J, Gilmour SK. Thrombin inhibition and cyclophosphamide synergistically block tumor progression and metastasis.Cancer Biol Ther. 2015;16:1802–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Smeda M, Stojak M, Przyborowski K, Sternak M, Suraj-Prazmowska J, Kus K, et al. Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Dabigatran Compromises Pulmonary Endothelial Integrity in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer Metastasis to the Lungs; the Role of Platelets and Inflammation-Associated Haemostasis.Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:834472. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Buijs JT, Laghmani EH, van den Akker RFP, Tieken C, Vletter EM, van der Molen KM, et al. The direct oral anticoagulants rivaroxaban and dabigatran do not inhibit orthotopic growth and metastasis of human breast cancer in mice.J Thromb Haemost. 2019;17:951–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Najidh S, Versteeg HH, Buijs JT. A systematic review on the effects of direct oral anticoagulants on cancer growth and metastasis in animal models.Thromb Res. 2020;187:18–27. [DOI] [PubMed]
Russo V, Falco L, Tessitore V, Mauriello A, Catapano D, Napolitano N, et al. Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Effects of Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients with Malignancy.Life (Basel). 2023;13:1888. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gockel LM, Ponert JM, Schwarz S, Schlesinger M, Bendas G. The Low Molecular Weight Heparin Tinzaparin Attenuates Platelet Activation in Terms of Metastatic Niche Formation by Coagulation-Dependent and Independent Pathways.Molecules. 2018;23:2753. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhao B, Wu M, Hu Z, Wang T, Yu J, Ma Y, et al. A novel oncotherapy strategy: Direct thrombin inhibitors suppress progression, dissemination and spontaneous metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer.Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179:5056–73. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mosesson MW, Siebenlist KR, Meh DA. The structure and biological features of fibrinogen and fibrin.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;936:11–30. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wolberg AS. Fibrinogen and fibrin: synthesis, structure, and function in health and disease.J Thromb Haemost. 2023;21:3005–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Adam SS, Key NS, Greenberg CS. D-dimer antigen: current concepts and future prospects.Blood. 2009;113:2878–87. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ghadhban BR. Plasma d-dimer level correlated with advanced breast carcinoma in female patients.Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2018;36:75–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ghadhban BR. Plasma D-Dimer Levels Correlated With Advanced Breast Carcinoma in Female Patients: A Prospective Study at Baghdad Teaching Hospital.Acta Med Iran. 2019;57:122–6. [DOI]
Izuegbuna OO, Agodirin OS, Olawumi HO, Olatoke SA. Plasma D-Dimer and Fibrinogen Levels Correlates with Tumor Size and Disease Progression in Nigerian Breast Cancer Patients.Cancer Invest. 2021;39:597–606. [DOI] [PubMed]
Blackwell K, Haroon Z, Broadwater G, Berry D, Harris L, Iglehart JD, et al. Plasma D-dimer levels in operable breast cancer patients correlate with clinical stage and axillary lymph node status.J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:600–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hermansyah D, Firsty NN, Nasution RB, Siregar DR. D-dimer as a Predictive Factor of Axillary Lymph Node Metastases in Operable Breast Cancer Patients in the Teaching Hospital of Universitas Sumatera Utara.Med Arch. 2022;76:288–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Halugodu AS, Sharma VM. Correlation of plasma D-dimer levels with breast carcinoma.Int Surg J. 2021;8:3622–5. [DOI]
Hermansyah D, Firsty NN, Nasution RB, Andra CA, Lubis AC. The Role of Plasma D-dimer Level Measurement to Assist Breast Cancer Histopathological Grading.Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2022;10;565–9. [DOI]
S H, Sringeri R R, Chandra P S. Role of Plasma D-Dimer Levels in Breast Cancer Patients and Its Correlation with Clinical and Histopathological Stage.Indian J Surg Oncol. 2018;9:307–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Alkhoder L, Salamoon M, Saifo M, Alwassouf S. D-dimer as a Predictive Biomarker of Response to Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer.Biomark Insights. 2024;19:11772719241290704. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mego M, Zuo Z, Gao H, Cohen EN, Giordano A, Tin S, et al. Circulating tumour cells are linked to plasma D-dimer levels in patients with metastatic breast cancer.Thromb Haemost. 2015;113:593–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dirix LY, Oeyen S, Buys A, Liégois V, Prové A, Van De Mooter T, et al. Coagulation/fibrinolysis and circulating tumor cells in patients with advanced breast cancer.Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2022;192:583–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Giaccherini C, Marchetti M, Masci G, Verzeroli C, Russo L, Celio L, et al.; HYPERCAN Investigators. Thrombotic biomarkers for risk prediction of malignant disease recurrence in patients with early stage breast cancer.Haematologica. 2020;105:1704–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ay C, Dunkler D, Pirker R, Thaler J, Quehenberger P, Wagner O, et al. High D-dimer levels are associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients.Haematologica. 2012;97:1158–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dybowska M, Dybowski D, Szturmowicz M, Jóźwik A, Lewandowska K, Sobiecka M, et al. D-Dimers Variability in the Perioperative Period of Breast Cancer Surgery Helps to Predict Cancer Relapse: A Single-Centre Prospective Study.Cancer Control. 2023;30:10732748231204713. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sreedevi S, Shankar AG, Vijayalakshmi C, Barath M. Role of plasma D-dimer levels in breast cancer patients and its correlation with clinical and histopathological stage.Int J Acad Med Pharm. 2025;7;36–40.
AAy C, Dunkler D, Marosi C, Chiriac AL, Vormittag R, Simanek R, et al. Prediction of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients.Blood. 2010;116:5377–82. [DOI] [PubMed]
Gochhait S, Sahoo SS, Chhabra G, Mukhopahay, AK, Sharma S. Role of D-Dimer in Patients of Operable Breast Cancer with Lymph Node Metastases: A Matched Cross-Sectional Study.Oncol J India. 2020;4:39–42. [DOI]
Palumbo JS, Talmage KE, Massari JV, La Jeunesse CM, Flick MJ, Kombrinck KW, et al. Platelets and fibrin(ogen) increase metastatic potential by impeding natural killer cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells.Blood. 2005;105:178–85. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mei Y, Zhao S, Lu X, Liu H, Li X, Ma R. Clinical and Prognostic Significance of Preoperative Plasma Fibrinogen Levels in Patients with Operable Breast Cancer.PLoS One. 2016;11:e0146233. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fang L, Xu Q, Qian J, Zhou JY. Aberrant Factors of Fibrinolysis and Coagulation in Pancreatic Cancer.Onco Targets Ther. 2021;14:53–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wen J, Yang Y, Ye F, Huang X, Li S, Wang Q, et al. The preoperative plasma fibrinogen level is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of breast cancer patients who underwent surgical treatment.Breast. 2015;24:745–50. [DOI] [PubMed]
Krenn-Pilko S, Langsenlehner U, Stojakovic T, Pichler M, Gerger A, Kapp KS, et al. An elevated preoperative plasma fibrinogen level is associated with poor disease-specific and overall survival in breast cancer patients.Breast. 2015;24:667–72. [DOI] [PubMed]
Xu R, Yang T, Yan B, You J, Li F, Zuo Q. Pretreatment fibrinogen levels are associated with survival outcome in patients with cancer using immunotherapy as a second‑line treatment.Oncol Lett. 2023;25:269. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Liu Q, Fang S, Liang S, Lv J, Wang G, Tang R, et al. The prognostic role of a combined fibrinogen and inflammation-based index in patients with metastatic breast cancer.Transl Cancer Res. 2020;9:7065–78. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mei Y, Liu H, Sun X, Li X, Zhao S, Ma R. Plasma fibrinogen level may be a possible marker for the clinical response and prognosis of patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Tumour Biol. 2017;39:1010428317700002. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen R, Tang Z, Peng Y, Jin Y, et al. Plasma fibrinogen acts as a predictive factor for pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: a retrospective study of 1004 Chinese breast cancer patients.BMC Cancer. 2021;21:542. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kwaan HC, Lindholm PF. Fibrin and Fibrinolysis in Cancer.Semin Thromb Hemost. 2019;45:413–22. [DOI] [PubMed]
Shome D, Al-Jamea L, Woodman A, Salem AH, Bakhiet M, Taha S, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 and impaired fibrinolysis in pregnancy and sickle cell anemia.Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2024;309:2447–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Puy C, Ngo ATP, Pang J, Keshari RS, Hagen MW, Hinds MT, et al. Endothelial PAI-1 (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1) Blocks the Intrinsic Pathway of Coagulation, Inducing the Clearance and Degradation of FXIa (Activated Factor XI).Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39:1390–401. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gouri A, Dekaken A, El Bairi K, Aissaoui A, Laabed N, Chefrour M, et al. Plasminogen Activator System and Breast Cancer: Potential Role in Therapy Decision Making and Precision Medicine.Biomark Insights. 2016;11:105–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vago JP, Zaidan I, Perucci LO, Brito LF, Teixeira LC, Silva CMS, et al. Plasmin and plasminogen prevent sepsis severity by reducing neutrophil extracellular traps and systemic inflammation.JCI Insight. 2023;8:e166044. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ploplis VA, Carmeliet P, Vazirzadeh S, Van Vlaenderen I, Moons L, Plow EF, et al. Effects of disruption of the plasminogen gene on thrombosis, growth, and health in mice.Circulation. 1995;92:2585–93. [DOI] [PubMed]
Liu S, Bugge TH, Leppla SH. Targeting of tumor cells by cell surface urokinase plasminogen activator-dependent anthrax toxin.J Biol Chem. 2001;276:17976–84. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mahmood N, Mihalcioiu C, Rabbani SA. Multifaceted Role of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) and Its Receptor (uPAR): Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Applications.Front Oncol. 2018;8:24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Patthy L, Trexler M, Váli Z, Bányai L, Váradi A. Kringles: modules specialized for protein binding. Homology of the gelatin-binding region of fibronectin with the kringle structures of proteases.FEBS Lett. 1984;171:131–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Bharadwaj AG, Holloway RW, Miller VA, Waisman DM. Plasmin and Plasminogen System in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy.Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:1838. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Davies KJ. The Complex Interaction of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Migration of Cancer Cells through Breast Tissue Stroma.Int J Breast Cancer. 2014;2014:839094. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jaiswal RK, Varshney AK, Yadava PK. Diversity and functional evolution of the plasminogen activator system.Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;98:886–98. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ilkovitch D, Carrio R, Lopez DM. uPA and uPA-receptor are involved in cancer-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation.Anticancer Res. 2012;32:4263–70. [PubMed]
Lampelj M, Arko D, Cas-Sikosek N, Kavalar R, Ravnik M, Jezersek-Novakovic B, et al. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in breast cancer - correlation with traditional prognostic factors.Radiol Oncol. 2015;49:357–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Look MP, van Putten WL, Duffy MJ, Harbeck N, Christensen IJ, Thomssen C, et al. Pooled analysis of prognostic impact of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor PAI-1 in 8377 breast cancer patients.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:116–28. [DOI] [PubMed]
Singh S, Singh S, Kumar R, Sharma S, Singh N. Clinical utility of plasma uPA and PAI-1 as a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer.Int J Innov Res Med Sci. 2025;10:145–50. [DOI]
Banys-Paluchowski M, Witzel I, Aktas B, Fasching PA, Hartkopf A, Janni W, et al. The prognostic relevance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in the blood of patients with metastatic breast cancer.Sci Rep. 2019;9:2318. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lv T, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Yuan H, Wang H, Cui X, et al. uPAR: An Essential Factor for Tumor Development.J Cancer. 2021;12:7026–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Huai Q, Zhou A, Lin L, Mazar AP, Parry GC, Callahan J, et al. Crystal structures of two human vitronectin, urokinase and urokinase receptor complexes.Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2008;15:422–3. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Pyne NJ, Pyne S. Receptor tyrosine kinase-G-protein-coupled receptor signalling platforms: out of the shadow?Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011;32:443–50. [DOI] [PubMed]
Argraves KM, Battey FD, MacCalman CD, McCrae KR, Gåfvels M, Kozarsky KF, et al. The very low density lipoprotein receptor mediates the cellular catabolism of lipoprotein lipase and urokinase-plasminogen activator inhibitor type I complexes.J Biol Chem. 1995;270:26550–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Madsen CD, Ferraris GM, Andolfo A, Cunningham O, Sidenius N. uPAR-induced cell adhesion and migration: vitronectin provides the key.J Cell Biol. 2007;177:927–39. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rysenkova KD, Klimovich PS, Shmakova AA, Karagyaur MN, Ivanova KA, Aleksandrushkina NA, et al. Urokinase receptor deficiency results in EGFR-mediated failure to transmit signals for cell survival and neurite formation in mouse neuroblastoma cells.Cell Signal. 2020;75:109741. [DOI] [PubMed]
Noh H, Hong S, Huang S. Role of urokinase receptor in tumor progression and development.Theranostics. 2013;3:487–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Iftikhar A, Mahmood N, Rabbani SA. The Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) as a Mediator of Physiological and Pathological Processes: Potential Therapeutic Strategies.Cancers (Basel). 2025;17:3309. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hsu H, Lee KH, Karmakar R, Mukundan A, Attar RS, Liu PH, et al. From Innovation to Application: Can Emerging Imaging Techniques Transform Breast Cancer Diagnosis?Diagnostics (Basel). 2025;15:2718. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fosbøl MØ, Kurbegovic S, Johannesen HH, Røder MA, Hansen AE, Mortensen J, et al. Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) PET/MRI of Prostate Cancer for Noninvasive Evaluation of Aggressiveness: Comparison with Gleason Score in a Prospective Phase 2 Clinical Trial.J Nucl Med. 2021;62:354–9. [DOI]
Baart VM, van Manen L, Bhairosingh SS, Vuijk FA, Iamele L, de Jonge H, et al. Side-by-Side Comparison of uPAR-Targeting Optical Imaging Antibodies and Antibody Fragments for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Solid Tumors.Mol Imaging Biol. 2023;25:122–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Leung JH, Karmakar R, Mukundan A, Thongsit P, Chen MM, Chang WY, et al. Systematic Meta-Analysis of Computer-Aided Detection of Breast Cancer Using Hyperspectral Imaging.Bioengineering (Basel). 2024;11:1060. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Li C, Cao S, Liu Z, Ye X, Chen L, Meng S. RNAi-mediated downregulation of uPAR synergizes with targeting of HER2 through the ERK pathway in breast cancer cells.Int J Cancer. 2010;127:1507–16. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhou H, Wang H, Yu G, Wang Z, Zheng X, Duan H, et al. Synergistic inhibitory effects of an engineered antibody-like molecule ATF-Fc and trastuzumab on tumor growth and invasion in a human breast cancer xenograft mouse model.Oncol Lett. 2017;14:5189–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Meijer-van Gelder ME, Look MP, Peters HA, Schmitt M, Brünner N, Harbeck N, et al. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in breast cancer: association with tamoxifen therapy in recurrent disease.Cancer Res. 2004;64:4563–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
LeBeau AM, Sevillano N, King ML, Duriseti S, Murphy ST, Craik CS, et al. Imaging the urokinase plasminongen activator receptor in preclinical breast cancer models of acquired drug resistance.Theranostics. 2014;4:267–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kugaevskaya EV, Gureeva TA, Timoshenko OS, Solovyeva NI. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system and its role in tumor progression.Biomed Khim. 2018;64:472–86. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mazar AP, Henkin J, Goldfarb RH. The urokinase plasminogen activator system in cancer: implications for tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.Angiogenesis. 1999;3:15–32. [DOI] [PubMed]
Pvan der Pluijm G, Sijmons B, Vloedgraven H, van der Bent C, Drijfhout JW, Verheijen J, et al. Urokinase-receptor/integrin complexes are functionally involved in adhesion and progression of human breast cancer in vivo.Am J Pathol. 2001;159:971–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Huber MC, Mall R, Braselmann H, Feuchtinger A, Molatore S, Lindner K, et al. uPAR enhances malignant potential of triple-negative breast cancer by directly interacting with uPA and IGF1R.BMC Cancer. 2016;16:615. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sillen M, Declerck PJ. Targeting PAI-1 in Cardiovascular Disease: Structural Insights Into PAI-1 Functionality and Inhibition.Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:622473. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Croucher DR, Saunders DN, Stillfried GE, Ranson M. A structural basis for differential cell signalling by PAI-1 and PAI-2 in breast cancer cells.Biochem J. 2007;408:203–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jevrić M, Matić IZ, Krivokuća A, Crnogorac MĐ, Besu I, Damjanović A, et al. Association of uPA and PAI-1 tumor levels and 4G/5G variants of PAI-1 gene with disease outcome in luminal HER2-negative node-negative breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy.BMC Cancer. 2019;19:71. [DOI]
Uhl B, A Mittmann L, Dominik J, Hennel R, Smiljanov B, Haring F, et al. uPA-PAI-1 heteromerization promotes breast cancer progression by attracting tumorigenic neutrophils.EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13:e13110. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sternlicht MD, Dunning AM, Moore DH, Pharoah PD, Ginzinger DG, Chin K, et al. Prognostic value of PAI1 in invasive breast cancer: evidence that tumor-specific factors are more important than genetic variation in regulating PAI1 expression.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:2107–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jänicke F, Prechtl A, Thomssen C, Harbeck N, Meisner C, Untch M, et al.; German N0 Study Group. Randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial in high-risk, lymph node-negative breast cancer patients identified by urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:913–20. [DOI] [PubMed]
Prechtl A, Harbeck N, Thomssen C, Meisner C, Braun M, Untch M, et al. Tumor-biological factors uPA and PAI-1 as stratification criteria of a multicenter adjuvant chemotherapy trial in node-negative breast cancer.Int J Biol Markers. 2000;15:73–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Harris L, Fritsche H, Mennel R, Norton L, Ravdin P, Taube S, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast cancer.J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5287–312. [DOI] [PubMed]
Harbeck N, Schmitt M, Meisner C, Friedel C, Untch M, Schmidt M, et al.; Chemo-N 0 Study Group. Ten-year analysis of the prospective multicentre Chemo-N0 trial validates American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)-recommended biomarkers uPA and PAI-1 for therapy decision making in node-negative breast cancer patients.Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:1825–35. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kantelhardt EJ, Vetter M, Schmidt M, Veyret C, Augustin D, Hanf V, et al. Prospective evaluation of prognostic factors uPA/PAI-1 in node-negative breast cancer: phase III NNBC3-Europe trial (AGO, GBG, EORTC-PBG) comparing 6×FEC versus 3×FEC/3×Docetaxel.BMC Cancer. 2011;11:140. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Setyono-Han B, Stürzebecher J, Schmalix WA, Muehlenweg B, Sieuwerts AM, Timmermans M, et al. Suppression of rat breast cancer metastasis and reduction of primary tumour growth by the small synthetic urokinase inhibitor WX-UK1.Thromb Haemost. 2005;93:779–86. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhou Y, Yu S, Chen D, Li H, Xu P, Yuan C, et al. Nafamostat Mesylate in Combination with the Mouse Amino-Terminal Fragment of Urokinase-Human Serum Albumin Improves the Treatment Outcome of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy.Mol Pharm. 2023;20:905–17. [DOI] [PubMed]
Boz Er AB, Er I. PAI1 Regulates Cell Morphology and Migration Markers in Trastuzumab-Resistant HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells.Life (Basel). 2024;14:1040. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Goldstein LJ, Tosello Oliveira C, Heinrich B, Stemmer SM, Mala C, Kastner S, et al. A randomized double-blind phase II study of the combination of oral WX-671 plus capecitabine versus capecitabine monotherapy in first-line HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC).J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:508. [DOI]
El Salamouni NS, Buckley BJ, Ranson M, Kelso MJ, Yu H. Urokinase plasminogen activator as an anti-metastasis target: inhibitor design principles, recent amiloride derivatives, and issues with human/mouse species selectivity.Biophys Rev. 2022;14:277–301. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Harel ET, Drake PM, Barfield RM, Lui I, Farr-Jones S, Van’t Veer L, et al. Antibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting the Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) as a Possible Treatment of Aggressive Breast Cancer.Antibodies (Basel). 2019;8:54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhai BT, Tian H, Sun J, Zou JB, Zhang XF, Cheng JX, et al. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) as a therapeutic target in cancer.J Transl Med. 2022;20:135. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wrzeszcz K, Słomka A, Zarychta E, Rhone P, Ruszkowska-Ciastek B. Tissue Plasminogen Activator as a Possible Indicator of Breast Cancer Relapse: A Preliminary, Prospective Study.J Clin Med. 2022;11:2398. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhang L, Shen J, Zhang Y, et al. Development of Cyclic Peptide-Based Radiotracers for uPAR.ChemMedChem. 2025;20:e202500061. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mitchell JA, Ali F, Bailey L, Moreno L, Harrington LS. Role of nitric oxide and prostacyclin as vasoactive hormones released by the endothelium.Exp Physiol. 2008;93:141–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yau JW, Teoh H, Verma S. Endothelial cell control of thrombosis.BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015;15:130. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cleator JH, Zhu WQ, Vaughan DE, Hamm HE. Differential regulation of endothelial exocytosis of P-selectin and von Willebrand factor by protease-activated receptors and cAMP.Blood. 2006;107:2736–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Whyte CS. All tangled up: interactions of the fibrinolytic and innate immune systems.Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1212201. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Osterud B, Bjorklid E. Tissue factor in blood cells and endothelial cells.Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012;4:289–99. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wilkus K, Brodaczewska K, Kajdasz A, Kieda C. Distinctive Properties of Endothelial Cells from Tumor and Normal Tissue in Human Breast Cancer.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:8862. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ghiabi P, Jiang J, Pasquier J, Maleki M, Abu-Kaoud N, Halabi N, et al. Breast cancer cells promote a notch-dependent mesenchymal phenotype in endothelial cells participating to a pro-tumoral niche.J Transl Med. 2015;13:27. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ghiabi P, Jiang J, Pasquier J, Maleki M, Abu-Kaoud N, Rafii S, et al. Endothelial cells provide a notch-dependent pro-tumoral niche for enhancing breast cancer survival, stemness and pro-metastatic properties.PLoS One. 2014;9:e112424. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Patmore S, Dhami SPS, O’Sullivan JM. Von Willebrand factor and cancer; metastasis and coagulopathies.J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18:2444–56. [DOI] [PubMed]
Xu W, Tan X, Li ML, Xu H, Villegas J, Fu H. Von Willebrand factor and hematogenous cancer metastasis under flow.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024;12:1435718. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Röhsig LM, Damin DC, Stefani SD, Castro CG Jr, Roisenberg I, Schwartsmann G. von Willebrand factor antigen levels in plasma of patients with malignant breast disease.Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001;34:1125–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dhami SPS, Patmore S, Comerford C, Byrne CM, Cavanagh B, Castle J, et al. Breast cancer cells mediate endothelial cell activation, promoting von Willebrand factor release, tumor adhesion, and transendothelial migration.J Thromb Haemost. 2022;20:2350–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Goh CY, Patmore S, Smolenski A, Howard J, Evans S, O’Sullivan J, et al. The role of von Willebrand factor in breast cancer metastasis.Transl Oncol. 2021;14:101033. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Karpatkin S, Pearlstein E, Ambrogio C, Coller BS. Role of adhesive proteins in platelet tumor interaction in vitro and metastasis formation in vivo.J Clin Invest. 1988;81:1012–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rhone P, Zarychta E, Bielawski K, Ruszkowska-Ciastek B. Pre-surgical level of von Willebrand factor as an evident indicator of breast cancer recurrence.Cancer Biomark. 2020;29:359–72. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tsoupras A, Adamantidi T, Finos MA, Philippopoulos A, Detopoulou P, Tsopoki I, et al. Re-Assessing the Role of Platelet Activating Factor and Its Inflammatory Signaling and Inhibitors in Cancer and Anti-Cancer Strategies.Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2024;29:345. [DOI] [PubMed]
Qaderi K, Shahmoradi A, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP. Impact of targeting the platelet-activating factor and its receptor in cancer treatment.Mil Med Res. 2025;12:10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lordan R, Tsoupras A, Zabetakis I. The Potential Role of Dietary Platelet-Activating Factor Inhibitors in Cancer Prevention and Treatment.Adv Nutr. 2019;10:148–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Goldstein LJ. Experience in Phase I Trials and an Upcoming Phase II Study with uPA Inhibitors in Metastatic Breast Cancer.Breast Care (Basel). 2008;3:25–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Heinemann V, Ebert MP, Laubender RP, Bevan P, Mala C, Boeck S. Phase II randomised proof-of-concept study of the urokinase inhibitor upamostat (WX-671) in combination with gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with non-resectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer.Br J Cancer. 2013;108:766–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lai X, Cheng D, Xu H, Wang J, Lv X, Yao H, et al. Phase I Trial of Upamostat Combined With Gemcitabine in Locally Unresectable or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Safety and Preliminary Efficacy Assessment.Cancer Med. 2025;14:e70550. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vergote I, González-Martín A, Fujiwara K, Kalbacher E, Bagaméri A, Ghamande S, et al. Tisotumab Vedotin as Second- or Third-Line Therapy for Recurrent Cervical Cancer.N Engl J Med. 2024;391:44–55. [DOI] [PubMed]
de Bono JS, Concin N, Hong DS, Thistlethwaite FC, Machiels JP, Arkenau HT, et al. Tisotumab vedotin in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumours (InnovaTV 201): a first-in-human, multicentre, phase 1-2 trial.Lancet Oncol. 2019;20:383–93. [DOI] [PubMed]
Saunderson SC, Halpin JC, Tan GMY, Shrivastava P, McLellan AD. Conversion of anti-tissue factor antibody sequences to chimeric antigen receptor and bi-specific T-cell engager format.Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2024;73:195. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhang Q, Wang H, Li H, Xu J, Tian K, Yang J, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T Cells inhibit the growth and metastases of established tissue factor-positive tumors in NOG mice.Oncotarget. 2017;8:9488–99. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Breij EC, de Goeij BE, Verploegen S, Schuurhuis DH, Amirkhosravi A, Francis J, et al. An antibody-drug conjugate that targets tissue factor exhibits potent therapeutic activity against a broad range of solid tumors.Cancer Res. 2014;74:1214–26. [DOI] [PubMed]
Pan Z, Chen J, Xiao X, Xie Y, Jiang H, Zhang B, et al. Characterization of a novel bispecific antibody targeting tissue factor-positive tumors with T cell engagement.Acta Pharm Sin B. 2022;12:1928–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lee KJ, Kim G, Seo B, Jeong SY, Kim HS, Cho HY, et al. A Tissue Factor Bi-Specific T-Cell Engager Provides Effective Targeting and Cytotoxicity Against Cervical Cancer Cell Lines.Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:8941. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Newcomer MM, Dorayappan KDP, Wagner V, Suarez AA, Calo CA, Kalmar EL, et al. Tissue factor as a novel diagnostic target for early detection of ovarian cancer using ultrasound microbubbles.Gynecol Oncol. 2023;173:138–50. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jeon HM, Kim JY, Cho HJ, Lee WJ, Nguyen D, Kim SS, et al. Tissue factor is a critical regulator of radiation therapy-induced glioblastoma remodeling.Cancer Cell. 2023;41:1480–97.e9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mackman N, Tawil N, Rak J. Tissue factor at the crossroads of coagulation and radiation response in glioblastoma.J Thromb Haemost. 2024;22:3–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jo GH, Jung SA, Yoon JS, Lee JH. Inhibition of Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion In Vitro by Recombinant Tyrosine-Sulfated Haemathrin, A Thrombin Inhibitor.Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:11822. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhao B, Wu M, Hu Z, Ma Y, Qi W, Zhang Y, et al. Thrombin is a therapeutic target for non-small-cell lung cancer to inhibit vasculogenic mimicry formation.Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:117. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
El Hamaoui D, Marchelli A, Gandrille S, Reboul E, Stepanian A, Palmier B, et al. Thrombin cleaves membrane-bound endoglin potentially contributing to the heterogeneity of circulating endoglin in preeclampsia.Commun Biol. 2025;8:316. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Liu Y, Paauwe M, Nixon AB, Hawinkels LJAC. Endoglin Targeting: Lessons Learned and Questions That Remain.Int J Mol Sci. 2020;22:147. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhong L, Shi W, Gan L, Liu X, Huo Y, Wu P, et al. Human endoglin-CD3 bispecific T cell engager antibody induces anti-tumor effect in vivo.Theranostics. 2021;11:6393–406. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sier VQ, van der Vorst JR, Quax PHA, de Vries MR, Zonoobi E, Vahrmeijer AL, et al. Endoglin/CD105-Based Imaging of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:4804. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Peraramelli S, Zhou Q, Zhou Q, Wanko B, Zhao L, Nishimura T, et al. Thrombin cleavage of osteopontin initiates osteopontin’s tumor-promoting activity.J Thromb Haemost. 2022;20:1256–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhou Q, Zhao L, Myles T, Morser J, Leung LLK. Anti-osteopontin antibodies replicate the tumor suppression phenotype in thrombin cleavage-resistant osteopontin knock-in mice.J Thromb Haemost. 2025;23:3691–703. [DOI] [PubMed]
Beausoleil MS, Schulze EB, Goodale D, Postenka CO, Allan AL. Deletion of the thrombin cleavage domain of osteopontin mediates breast cancer cell adhesion, proteolytic activity, tumorgenicity, and metastasis.BMC Cancer. 2011;11:25. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Leung LL, Myles T, Morser J. Thrombin Cleavage of Osteopontin and the Host Anti-Tumor Immune Response.Cancers (Basel). 2023;15:3480. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kariya Y, Kariya Y. Osteopontin in Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.Int J Transl Med. 2022; 2:419–47. [DOI]
Huang Y, Lu M, Wang Y, Zhang C, Cao Y, Zhang X. Podoplanin: A potential therapeutic target for thrombotic diseases.Front Neurol. 2023;14:1118843. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tanaka Y, Ohno T, Kadonaga T, Kidokoro Y, Wakahara M, Nosaka K, et al. Podoplanin expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts predicts unfavorable prognosis in node-negative breast cancer patients with hormone receptor-positive/HER2 - negative subtype.Breast Cancer. 2021;28:822–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tanaka T, Suzuki H, Ohishi T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. A Cancer-Specific Anti-Podoplanin Monoclonal Antibody, PMab-117-mG2a Exerts Antitumor Activities in Human Tumor Xenograft Models.Cells. 2024;13:1833. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen PH, Yang TL, Jhou HJ, Lee HL, Dai MS. Post-Diagnostic Aspirin Use in Breast Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survival Outcomes with Trial Sequential Analysis Validation.Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;15:44. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Peng C, Wang T, Holmes MD, Chen WY, Brantley KD, Le PA, et al. Regular aspirin use, breast tumor characteristics and long-term breast cancer survival.NPJ Breast Cancer. 2025;11:62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Baker A, Kartsonaki C. Aspirin Use and Survival Among Patients With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Oncologist. 2024;29:e1–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Solmunde E, Pedersen RN, Nørgaard M, Mellemkjær L, Friis S, Ejlertsen B, et al. Association between low-dose aspirin use and breast cancer recurrence: a Danish nationwide cohort study with up to 23 years of follow-up.Br J Cancer. 2025;133:865–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Grancher A, Michel P, Di Fiore F, Sefrioui D. Colorectal cancer chemoprevention: is aspirin still in the game?Cancer Biol Ther. 2022;23:446–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Guo CG, Ma W, Drew DA, Cao Y, Nguyen LH, Joshi AD, et al. Aspirin Use and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Among Older Adults.JAMA Oncol. 2021;7:428–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chan AT, Ogino S, Fuchs CS. Aspirin use and survival after diagnosis of colorectal cancer.JAMA. 2009;302:649–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Agustsson AS, Haraldsdottir S, Birgisson H, Lund SH, Ingason AB, Hreinsson JP, et al. Effects of aspirin at diagnosis on the survival of colorectal cancer patients: a 20-year population-based study.Scand J Gastroenterol. 2025;60:516–25. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chia JWK, Segelov E, Deng Y, Ho GF, Wang W, Han S, et al. Aspirin after completion of standard adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer (ASCOLT): an international, multicentre, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;10:198–209. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yang X, Yan Y, Wang F, Tian J, Cao Q, Liu M, et al. Aspirin prevents colorectal cancer by regulating the abundance of Enterococcus cecorum and TIGIT+Treg cells.Sci Rep. 2024;14:13592. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Liu J, Zhou Q, Meng K, Yang X, Ma B, Su C, et al. Aspirin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer via the TIGIT-BCL2-BAX pathway in T Cells.Int J Med Sci. 2024;21:1990–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ma B, Duan X, Zhou Q, Liu J, Yang X, Zhang D, et al. Use of aspirin in the prevention of colorectal cancer through TIGIT-CD155 pathway.J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23:4514–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yang J, Yamashita-Kanemaru Y, Morris BI, Contursi A, Trajkovski D, Xu J, et al. Aspirin prevents metastasis by limiting platelet TXA2 suppression of T cell immunity.Nature. 2025;640:1052–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Meyerhardt JA, Shi Q, Fuchs CS, Meyer J, Niedzwiecki D, Zemla T, et al. Effect of Celecoxib vs Placebo Added to Standard Adjuvant Therapy on Disease-Free Survival Among Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer: The CALGB/SWOG 80702 (Alliance) Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA. 2021;325:1277–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Nowak JA, Twombly T, Ma C, Shi Q, Haruki K, Fujiyoshi K, et al. Improved Survival With Adjuvant Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibition in PIK3CA-Activated Stage III Colon Cancer: CALGB/SWOG 80702 (Alliance).J Clin Oncol. 2024;42:2853–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Coombes RC, Tovey H, Kilburn L, Mansi J, Palmieri C, Bartlett J, et al.; Randomized European Celecoxib Trial (REACT) Trial Management Group and Investigators. Effect of Celecoxib vs Placebo as Adjuvant Therapy on Disease-Free Survival Among Patients With Breast Cancer: The REACT Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA Oncol. 2021;7:1291–301. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Harris RE, Schwartzbaum JA. Celecoxib may be a viable treatment option for breast cancer patients not treated with chemotherapy.Front Oncol. 2022;12:958308. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bayrak O, Alper M, Basbinar Y, Bayrak S. The role of thrombin in the paradoxical interplay of cancer metastasis and the vascular system: A driving dynamic.Biomed Pharmacother. 2025;186:118031. [DOI] [PubMed]
