Examples of metal-grafted graphene nanocomposites.
| Serial number | Metal-grafted graphene | Efficacy | Samples | Site of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Silver-grafted graphene (Ag-Gr) | Enhances conductivity and plasmonic sensitivity for optical biosensing. | Plasma, urine, serum, and stool. | Biofluids or tissues. | [70, 71] |
| 2 | Gold-grafted graphene (Au-Gr) | Provides biocompatibility and facilitates biomolecule attachment. | Blood, serum, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue biopsies. | Blood vessels, tumor microenvironments, neural tissues, and implant surfaces. | [72] |
| 3 | Zinc oxide-graphene (ZnO-Gr) | Offers high electron mobility and photocatalytic activity for electrochemical sensing. | Blood, plasma, urine, saliva, sweat, and tissue extracts. | Tumor tissues, blood vessels, and skin surfaces. | [73, 74] |
| 4 | Iron oxide-graphene (Fe2O3-Gr or Fe3O4-Gr) | Adds magnetic properties for targeted detection and imaging. | Blood, plasma, serum, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and biopsies. | Tumor tissues, lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. | [75] |
| 5 | Manganese dioxide-graphene (MnO2-Gr) | Improves charge transfer and sensing efficiency. | Blood, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, urine, and biopsies. | Tumor tissues, neural tissues, implanted sensor interfaces, and blood vessels. | [76, 77] |
| 6 | Titanium dioxide-graphene (TiO2-Gr) | Delivers stability and enhanced electron transport for biosensing. | Blood, plasma, serum, saliva, and urine. | Tumor microenvironments, blood vessels, skin surfaces, and implanted medical devices. | [78–80] |
| 7 | Cobalt oxide-graphene (Co3O4-Gr) | Provides strong redox properties for signal enhancement. | Blood, plasma, serum, saliva, biopsies, and urine. | Tumor tissues, neutral tissues, implanted sensor locations, and blood vessels. | [81, 82] |
| 8 | Nickel oxide-graphene (NiO-Gr) | Displays high electrocatalytic activity for non-enzymatic sensors. | Blood, plasma, serum, urine, and saliva. | Blood vessels, skin surfaces, and tumor tissues. | [83, 84] |
| 9 | Zirconium dioxide-graphene (ZrO2-Gr) | Known for chemical stability and effective biomolecule immobilization. | Plasma, blood, urine, serum, tissues, biopsies, and saliva. | Bone surfaces, blood vessels, and tumor tissues. | [85–87] |
| 10 | Copper oxide-graphene (CuO-Gr) | Boosts catalytic and conductive properties for fast signal generation. | Urine, serum, tissues, biopsies, plasma, saliva, and blood. | Wound sites, blood vessels, and tumor tissues. | [88–90] |
PHG: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing—original draft. GA: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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