Summary of various techniques for CTC detection, including their strengths, limitations, and practical applications in cancer diagnostics and monitoring
Technique for CTC detection
Advantages
Disadvantages
Practical applications
Chip-based
Allows integration of enrichment, detection, and on-chip culture
Enables isolation of viable cells
Combining biophysical and biochemical properties
Closer to the point-of-care device
Complex design
Not in situ
Requires precise fluid control and optimization
May be costly
Used to detect CTCs in various cancers (gastric, colorectal, breast, lung)
Tested for diagnostic and monitoring purposes
Electrochemical biosensors
High sensitivity
Real-time, label-free detection
Compatible with microfluidic integration
Electromagnetic interference
Limited multiplexing
Complex fabrication
Used mainly with MCF-7, A549, HeLa cells
Tested in PBS, human blood, and clinical samples
Applied in prostate, cervical, and liver cancer studies
Optical fiber biosensors
High sensitivity
Label-free
Real-time
Biocompatible material
Miniature
Fragile
Limited practical use at low CTC counts
Costly (TFBG)
Used to detect breast cancer cells (e.g., BT549, MDA-MB-231)
Applied to whole blood and serum
CTC: circulating tumor cell
Declarations
Author contributions
ZM: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. KS and AT: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. ZA and DT: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition. AB: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
This research has been funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP22783767), and by Nazarbayev University under Faculty Development grant, code: 20122022FD4134 (Project M2O-DISK). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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