Table Info

Table 1.

Cytokines and their roles in gastric cancer

Sl. No.	Cytokine	Type	Role in gastric cancer	Mechanism	Potential therapeutic target	Reference
1	IL-2	Pro-inflammatory	Tumor suppression	Stimulates T cells and NK cells	Cancer immunotherapy	[17]
2	IFN-α	Pro-inflammatory	Enhances antitumor immunity	Activates immune responses	Cytokine therapy	[18]
3	TNF-α	Pro-inflammatory	Tumor necrosis	Induces apoptosis in tumor cells	Localized cytokine delivery	[19]
4	IL-10	Immunosuppressive	Promotes tumor evasion	Suppresses immune system	Anti-IL-10 antibodies	[20]
5	TGF-β	Immunosuppressive	Promotes tumor growth and metastasis	Modulates T cell response	TGF-β inhibitors	[21]
6	IL-6	Pro-inflammatory	Tumor progression	Activates signaling pathways in cancer cells	Anti-IL-6 therapy	[22]
7	IL-8	Pro-inflammatory	Promotes angiogenesis and metastasis	Attracts immune cells to tumor sites	CXCR2 inhibitors	[23]
8	IL-1β	Pro-inflammatory	Tumor proliferation	Activates inflammatory pathways	IL-1 receptor antagonists	[24]
9	IL-12	Pro-inflammatory	Stimulates cytotoxic T cells	Induces Th1 responses	IL-12 agonists	[22]
10	IL-17	Pro-inflammatory	Tumor growth and angiogenesis	Activate pro-inflammatory pathways	Anti-IL-17 antibodies	[17]
11	IL-22	Immunosuppressive	Tumor promotion	Modulates immune responses in TME	IL-22 inhibitors	[25]
12	GM-CSF	Pro-inflammatory	Enhances tumor immune response	Stimulates dendritic cells	GM-CSF cytokine therapy	[26]
13	IL-15	Pro-inflammatory	Enhances T and NK cell activity	Increasing cytotoxic activity	IL-15 superagonists	[27]
14	IFN-γ	Pro-inflammatory	Antitumor immune response	Activates macrophages and CTLs	IFN-γ therapy	[28]
15	IL-18	Pro-inflammatory	Promotes tumor immunity	Induces IFN-γ production	IL-18 agonists	[29]

IL-2: interleukin-2; NK: natural killer; IFN-α: interferon-alpha; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta; TME: tumor microenvironment; CTLs: cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to their parent institutions for their continued support, resources, and encouragement throughout this research. Their infrastructural and administrative assistance was instrumental in the successful completion of this work.

Author contributions

MMCM: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft. BSB: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. VAS: Supervision, Conceptualization, Validation. SA: Writing—review & editing. HC: Supervision, Conceptualization, Validation.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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