Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

Table 1. The primary baseline characteristics of patients in rechallenge and no rechallenge cohorts

Characteristics	Rechallenge cohort (n = 52)	No rechallenge cohort (n = 61)
Sex, n (%)
Male	38 (73.1)	44 (72.1)
Female	14 (26.9)	17 (27.9)
Age, median (IQR)	67 (57–72)	65 (55–71)
Age, n (%)
< 65	23 (44.2)	29 (47.5)
≥ 65	29 (55.8)	32 (52.5)
ECOG PS at subsequent line
0-1	37 (71.2)	47 (77.0)
2	15 (28.8)	14 (23.0)
Smoking status
Ever smoking	34 (65.4)	37 (60.7)
Never smoking	18 (34.6)	24 (39.3)
Histological type, n (%)
Adenocarcinoma	24 (46.2)	25 (41.0)
Squamous cell carcinoma	26 (50.0)	33 (54.1)
Other NSCLC	2 (3.8)	3 (4.9)
PD-L1 IHC expression
< 1%	16 (30.7)	20 (32.8)
≥ 1 and < 49%	22 (42.3)	30 (49.2)
≥ 50%	14 (26.9)	11 (18.0)
Brain metastasis at ICI rechallenge
Yes	12 (23.1)	17 (27.9)
No	40 (76.9)	44 (72.1)
Line of initial ICI therapy, n (%)
1	44 (84.6)	55 (90.2)
2	8 (15.4)	6 (9.8)
Initial ICI regimen, n (%)
Pembrolizumab + paclitaxel + carboplatin	19 (36.6)	25 (41.0)
Pembrolizumab + pemetrexed + cis-/carboplatin	12 (23.1)	13 (21.3)
Atezolizumab + paclitaxel + carboplatin + bevacizumab	6 (11.5)	8 (13.1)
Atezolizumab	6 (11.5)	4 (6.6)
Pembrolizumab	5 (9.6)	6 (9.8)
Nivolumab	4 (7.7)	5 (8.2)
Best overall response to initial ICI therapy, n (%)
Complete response	1 (1.9)	0 (0.0)
PR	22 (42.3)	26 (42.6)
SD	25 (48.1)	30 (49.2)
Progressive disease	4 (7.7)	5 (8.2)
Any irAEs at initial ICI therapy, n (%)	23 (44.2)	25 (41.0)
Thyroid dysfunction	9 (17.3)	10 (16.4)
Skin reactions	6 (11.5)	5 (8.2)
Hepatitis	5 (9.6)	7 (11.5)
Pneumonitis	3 (5.8)	3 (4.9)
Chemotherapy regimen at subsequent line	0 (0.0)
Docetaxel monotherapy		29 (47.5)
Docetaxel + angiogenesis inhibitor (bevacizumab/nintedanib/ramucirumab)		16 (26.2)
Pemetrexed		7 (11.5)
Afatinib		5 (8.2)
Gemcitabine		4 (6.6)
Treatment between two lines of ICI		0 (0.0)
Chemotherapy ± angiogenesis inhibitor	29 (55.8)
No	23 (44.2)
ICI rechallenge regimen		0 (0.0)
Pembrolizumab	20 (38.4)
Nivolumab	17 (32.7)
Atezolizumab	7 (13.5)
Pembrolizumab + paclitaxel + carboplatin	4 (7.7)
Pembrolizumab + pemetrexed + carboplatin	4 (7.7)
Rechallenge with the same ICI		0 (0.0)
Yes	15 (28.8)
No	37 (71.2)
Any irAEs at ICI rechallenge, n (%)	18 (34.6)	0 (0.0)
Thyroid dysfunction	6 (11.5)
Hepatitis	6 (11.5)
Skin reactions	3 (5.8)
Pneumonitis	3 (5.8)

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IQR: interquartile range; ECOG PS: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; IHC: immunohistochemistry; ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitor; irAEs: immune-related adverse events; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; PD-L1: programmed cell death-ligand 1; PR: partial response; SD: stable disease

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We are cordially thankful to Natalia Goriounova, PhD (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for critical reading and editing of this manuscript.

Author contributions

AAM: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Data curation, Investigation, Visualization, Formal analysis. SV Odintsova, KAM, MAU, EPS, and LIM: Resources, Data curation, Investigation. SV Orlov: Writing—review & editing, Project administration, Supervision. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was approved (approval no. 119-2024) by the Ethics Committee of Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, and was conducted in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the corresponding author (a.musaelyan8@gmail.com), without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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