Anticancer effects of cardamonin in vitro

CancersCell linePhenotypic effectsMechanisms of actionReferences
Breast cancerMDA-MB-231, MCF-7Induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest; inhibited proliferation↑ROS, ↑FOXO3a, ↑p21, ↑p27, ↑Bim, ↓Cyclin D1, ↑caspase-3[17]
BT-549Induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest; decreased invasion and migration↑E-cadherin, ↓Snail, ↓Slug, ↓Vimentin, ↑GSK3B, ↓EMT, ↓β-catenin[20]
MDA-MB-231ROS-induced apoptosis↓HIF-1a, ↓mTOR/p70SK, ↑OXPHOS, ↓Nrf2, ↑ROS[36]
Drug-resistant CSC’sSuppresses existing cells and prevents the formation of new cells↑IL-6, ↑IL-8, ↑MCP-1[37]
Cervical cancerHeLaInhibited cell proliferation↓mTOR, ↓S6K1, ↓raptor[41]
Colon cancerHCT-116Suppressed growth; induced apoptosis↑caspase-3, ↑caspase-9, ↑Bax, ↓c-Myc, ↓4k cyclin E, ↓p50, ↓NF-κB p65, ↓Bcl-2[42, 43]
Gastric cancerAGSInhibited cell proliferation and migration; induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at G0/M phase↑E-cadherin, ↓Snail, ↓Slug, ↓Vimentin, ↓Bcl-2, ↑Bax, ↓caspase-3, ↓CDK1, ↓cyclin B1, ↑p21[49]
BCG-823 and BCG-823/5-FUEnhanced chemosensitivity of 5-FU; induced apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest↓p-glycoprotein, ↓β-catenin, ↓TCF-4, ↓Wnt/β-catenin[50]
GlioblastomaCD133 + GSCsInhibited proliferation; induced apoptosis↓STAT3, ↓Bcl-2, ↓Bcl-L, ↓Mcl-1, ↓Survivin, ↓VEGF[52]
LeukemiaWEHI-3Decreased cell viability; induced apoptosis↑ROS, ↑Ca2+, ↓ΔΨm, ↑caspase-3, ↑caspase-8, ↑caspase-9, ↓Bcl-2, ↑Bax, ↑cytochrome c, ↑AIF, ↑Endo G, ↑GRP78, ↑caspase-12, ↑Fas, ↑Fas-ligand, ↑FADD, ↑DAP, ↑TMBIB4, ↑ATG5, ↓DDIT3, ↓DDIT4, ↓BAG6, ↓BCL2L13, ↓BRAT1[53]
Lung cancerA549 and H460Induced apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest; reduced cell migration, and invasion↑caspase-3, ↑Bax, ↓Bcl-2, ↓cyclin D1, ↓CDK4, ↓PI3K, ↓Akt, ↓mTOR[60]
LLCReduced proliferation, invasion, and migration↓Snail, ↑E-cadherin, ↓mTOR, ↓S6K1, ↓NF-κB[62]
A549 and NCI-H460Suppressed NF-κB activation↓NF-κB[63]
A549Inhibited proliferation; induced cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis↓mTOR, ↓p70S6K[64]
MelanomaA375Induced apoptosis and increased cytotoxicity↑caspase-3, ↑PARP[65]
M14 and A375Inhibited cell viability and migration; reduced cell density; induced apoptosis↓Bcl-2, ↑Bax, ↑cleaved caspase-8, ↑cleaved caspase-9, ↑PARP, ↓NF-κB p65[61]
Multiple myelomaMyeloma cellsSuppressed cell viability; induced apoptosis↑PARP, ↓Bcl-2, ↑Bax, ↑caspase-3, ↓NF-κB, ↓IKK, ↓IkBa, ↓ICAM-1, ↓COX-2, ↓VEGF[70, 71]
Myeloma cellsInduced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest; controlled proliferation-[70, 71]
Ovarian cancerSKOV3 and A2780Inhibited proliferation; induced apoptosis↓Bcl-2, ↓XIAP, ↓survivin, ↓mTOR[72]
SKOV3Inhibited proliferation; enhanced autophagy↓Lactate, ↓ATP, ↓HK, ↓LDH, ↑LC3-II, ↓mTORC1, ↓H2K, ↑AMPK[73]
Prostate cancerPC-3Decreased cell proliferation, growth, and viability; induced apoptosis↓STAT3, ↓NF-κB1[74, 75]

FOXO3a: Forkhead box O3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; HIF-1a: hypoxia-inducible factor-1a; Nrf2: NF-E2 related factor 2; OXPHOS: mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation; CSC: cancer stem cell; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-8: interleukin 8; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; GSC: glioblastoma stem cells; ATG5: autophagy-related 5; DDIT3: DNA-damage inducible transcript 3; LCC: Lewis lung carcinoma; S6K1: S56 kinase 1; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; LC3-II: light chain 3-II; Akt: protein kinase B; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein