Summary of Tukey’s multiple comparisons for Met dose-curve in MDA-MB-231 cells at 24 h
Tukey’s multiple comparisons
Mean difference
95% CI of difference
Above HSD
Summary
Adjusted P value
Control vs. 1 mmol/L
2.8
–6.04 to 11.64
No
ns
0.8306
1 mmol/L vs. 2.5 mmol/L
7.93
–0.91 to 16.77
No
ns
0.0845
2.5 mmol/L vs. 5 mmol/L
10.97
2.12 to 19.81
Yes
*
0.0147
5 mmol/L vs. 10 mmol/L
8.31
–0.53 to 17.15
No
ns
0.068
*P < 0.05. CI: confidence interval
Declarations
Author contributions
PS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. IGC: Supervision, Methodology, Writing—review & editing. RS: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors (Raji Sundararajan, raji@purdue.edu), without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Griffiths CL, Olin JL. Triple negative breast cancer: a brief review of its characteristics and treatment options.J Pharm Pract. 2012;25:319–23. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kumar P, Aggarwal R. An overview of triple-negative breast cancer.Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293:247–69. [DOI] [PubMed]
Sonkar K, Tressler CM, Glunde K. Chemotherapeutic drugs profoundly alter the metabolism of triple negative breast cancer cells [Internet].California: International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine; 2023 [cited 2023 Jul 6]. Available from: https://cds.ismrm.org/protected/20MProceedings/PDFfiles/0126.html
Alshahrani M, Alhammam SYM, Al Munyif HAS, Alwadei AMA, Alwadei AMA, Alzamanan SSM, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of breast cancer screening methods among female patients in primary healthcare centers in Najran, Saudi Arabia.J Cancer Educ. 2019;34:1167–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sun YS, Zhao Z, Yang ZN, Xu F, Lu HJ, Zhu ZY, et al. Risk factors and preventions of breast cancer.Int J Biol Sci. 2017;13:1387–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sahu P, Giri P, Sunkara R, Sundararajan R. Extraction of key features and enhanced prediction framework of breast cancer occurrence.In: 2022 6th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI); 2022 April 28–30; Tirunelveli, India. New York: IEEE; 2022. pp. 1679–85. [DOI]
Malmgren J, Hurlbert M, Atwood M, Kaplan HG. Examination of a paradox: recurrent metastatic breast cancer incidence decline without improved distant disease survival: 1990–2011.Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2019;174:505–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Caplan L. Delay in breast cancer: implications for stage at diagnosis and survival.Front Public Health. 2014;2:87. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Baranova A, Krasnoselskyi M, Starikov V, Kartashov S, Zhulkevych I, Vlasenko V, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: current treatment strategies and factors of negative prognosis.J Med Life. 2022;15:153–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yu J, Mu Q, Fung M, Xu X, Zhu L, Ho RJY. Challenges and opportunities in metastatic breast cancer treatments: nano-drug combinations delivered preferentially to metastatic cells may enhance therapeutic response.Pharmacol Ther. 2022;236:108108. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Maqbool M, Bekele F, Fekadu G. Treatment strategies against triple-negative breast cancer: an updated review.Breast Cancer: (Dove Med Press). 2022;14:15–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Uscanga-Perales GI, Santuario-Facio SK, Ortiz-López R. Triple negative breast cancer: deciphering the biology and heterogeneity.Medicina Universitaria. 2016;18:105–14. [DOI]
Shimelis H, LaDuca H, Hu C, Hart SN, Na J, Thomas A, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer risk genes identified by multigene hereditary cancer panel testing.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110:855–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ellsworth DL, Turner CE, Ellsworth RE. A review of the hereditary component of triple negative breast cancer: high- and moderate-penetrance breast cancer genes, low-penetrance loci, and the role of nontraditional genetic elements.J Oncol. 2019;2019:4382606. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sharma P, Klemp JR, Kimler BF, Mahnken JD, Geier LJ, Khan QJ, et al. Germline BRCA mutation evaluation in a prospective triple-negative breast cancer registry: implications for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome testing.Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;145:707–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yin L, Duan JJ, Bian XW, Yu SC. Triple-negative breast cancer molecular subtyping and treatment progress.Breast Cancer Res. 2020;22:61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Doepker MP, Holt SD, Durkin MW, Chu CH, Nottingham JM. Triple-negative breast cancer: a comparison of race and survival.Am Surg. 2018;84:881–8. [PubMed]
Yeh J, Chun J, Schwartz S, Wang A, Kern E, Guth AA, et al. Clinical characteristics in patients with triple negative breast cancer.Int J Breast Cancer. 2017;2017:1796145. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
de Ruijter TC, Veeck J, de Hoon JPJ, van Engeland M, Tjan-Heijnen VC. Characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer.J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137:183–92. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wu J, Mamidi TKK, Zhang L, Hicks C. Unraveling the genomic-epigenomic interaction landscape in triple negative and non-triple negative breast cancer.Cancers (Basel). 2020;12:1559. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chandran S, Harmey JH, Toomey S. Inhibition of IGF signalling pathway in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells.BMC Proc. 2012;6:O14. [DOI]
González-King H, Tejedor S, Ciria M, Gil-Barrachina M, Soriano-Navarro M, Sánchez-Sánchez R, et al. Non-classical Notch signaling by MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell-derived small extracellular vesicles promotes malignancy in poorly invasive MCF-7 cells.Cancer Gene Ther. 2022;29:1056–69. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ehmsen S, Ditzel HJ. Signaling pathways essential for triple-negative breast cancer stem-like cells.Stem Cells. 2021;39:133–43. [DOI] [PubMed]
Costa RLB, Han HS, Gradishar WJ. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in triple-negative breast cancer: a review.Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;169:397–406. [DOI] [PubMed]
Qi F, Qin WX, Zang YS. Molecular mechanism of triple-negative breast cancer-associated BRCA1 and the identification of signaling pathways.Oncol Lett. 2019;17:2905–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Khasawneh RR, Abu-El-Rub E. Hypoxia disturbs the migration and adhesion characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells.Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2022;68:28–32. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ismail-Khan R, Bui MM. A review of triple-negative breast cancer.Cancer Control. 2010;17:173–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dawood S. Triple-negative breast cancer: epidemiology and management options.Drugs. 2010;70:2247–58. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hosseini M, Seyedpour S, Khodaei B, Loghman AH, Seyedpour N, Yazdi MH, et al. Cancer vaccines for triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review.Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11:146. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rojas LBA, Gomes MB. Metformin: an old but still the best treatment for type 2 diabetes.Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2013;5:6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Babar ZUD, Ramzan S, El-Dahiyat F, Tachmazidis I, Adebisi A, Hasan SS. The availability, pricing, and affordability of essential diabetes medicines in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1375. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Aroda VR, Ratner RE. Metformin and type 2 diabetes prevention.Diabetes Spectr. 2018;31:336–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vancura A, Bu P, Bhagwat M, Zeng J, Vancurova I. Metformin as an anticancer agent.Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2018;39:867–78. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lv Z, Guo Y. Metformin and its benefits for various diseases.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:191. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Adak T, Samadi A, Ünal AZ, Sabuncuoğlu S. A reappraisal on metformin.Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018;92:324–32. [DOI] [PubMed]
Madiraju AK, Erion DM, Rahimi Y, Zhang XM, Braddock DT, Albright RA, et al. Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase.Nature. 2014;510:542–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hunter RW, Hughey CC, Lantier L, Sundelin EI, Peggie M, Zeqiraj E, et al. Metformin reduces liver glucose production by inhibition of fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase.Nat Med. 2018;24:1395–406. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lee JO, Lee SK, Kim JH, Kim N, You GY, Moon JW, et al. Metformin regulates glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated Cbl/CAP signaling in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells*.J Biol Chem. 2012;287:44121–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Herman R, Kravos NA, Jensterle M, Janež A, Dolžan V. Metformin and insulin resistance: a review of the underlying mechanisms behind changes in GLUT4-mediated glucose transport.Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:1264. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yang J, Holman GD. Long-term metformin treatment stimulates cardiomyocyte glucose transport through an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent reduction in GLUT4 endocytosis.Endocrinology. 2006;147:2728–36. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hardie DG. AMPK: a target for drugs and natural products with effects on both diabetes and cancer.Diabetes. 2013;62:2164–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bharath LP, Nikolajczyk BS. The intersection of metformin and inflammation.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021;320:C873–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cameron AR, Morrison VL, Levin D, Mohan M, Forteath C, Beall C, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of metformin irrespective of diabetes status.Circ Res. 2016;119:652–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kasznicki J, Sliwinska A, Drzewoski J. Metformin in cancer prevention and therapy.Ann Transl Med. 2014;2:57. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Saraei P, Asadi I, Kakar MA, Moradi-Kor N. The beneficial effects of metformin on cancer prevention and therapy: a comprehensive review of recent advances.Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:3295–313. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zi F, Zi H, Li Y, He J, Shi Q, Cai Z. Metformin and cancer: an existing drug for cancer prevention and therapy.Oncol Lett. 2018;15:683–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gao C, Fang L, Zhang H, Zhang WS, Li XO, Du SY. Metformin induces autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:5803–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hasanvand A. The role of AMPK-dependent pathways in cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: a new perspective for treatment and prevention of diseases.Inflammopharmacol. 2022;30:775–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chomanicova N, Gazova A, Adamickova A, Valaskova S, Kyselovic J. The role of AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in anticancer activity of metformin.Physiol Res. 2021;70:501–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Weaver JC. Electroporation theory. In: Nickoloff JA, editor. Plant cell electroporation and electrofusion protocols. Methods in molecular biology™. Totowa: Springer; 1995. pp. 3–28. [DOI] [PubMed]
Weaver JC. Theory of electroporation. In: Martin Blank, Igor Vodyanoy, editors. Biomembrane electrochemistry. Washington: American Chemical Society; 1994. pp. 447–70. [DOI]
Gehl J. Electroporation: theory and methods, perspectives for drug delivery, gene therapy and research.Acta Physiol Scand. 2003;177:437–47. [DOI] [PubMed]
Krassowska W, Filev PD. Modeling electroporation in a single cell.Biophys J. 2007;92:404–17. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Joshi RP, Garner AL, Sundararajan R. Review of developments in bioelectrics as an application of pulsed power technology.IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 2023;51:1682–717. [DOI]
Bolhassani A, Khavari A, Orafa Z. Electroporation-advantages and drawbacks for delivery of drug, gene and vaccine. In: Sezer AD, editor. Application of nanotechnology in drug delivery. London: IntechOpen; 2014. [DOI]
Mittal L, Raman V, Camarillo IG, Sundararajan R. Ultra-microsecond pulsed curcumin for effective treatment of triple negative breast cancers.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;491:1015–20. [DOI] [PubMed]
Rembiałkowska N, Dubińska-Magiera M, Sikora A, Szlasa W, Szewczyk A, Czapor-Irzabek H, et al. Doxorubicin assisted by microsecond electroporation promotes irreparable morphological alternations in sensitive and resistant human breast adenocarcinoma cells.Appl Sci. 2020;10:2765. [DOI]
Giri P, Camarillo IG, Sundararajan R. Enhancement of reactive oxygen species production in triple negative breast cancer cells treated with electric pulses and resveratrol.Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2023;4:42–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sahu P, Camarillo IG, Sundararajan R. Enhanced antiproliferation potency of electrical pulse-mediated metformin and cisplatin combination therapy on MDA-MB-231 cells.Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2022;194:18–36. [DOI] [PubMed]
Giri P, Camarillo IG, Sundararajan R. Enhanced induction of MDA-MB-231 cell death using the combination of galloflavin and electroporation.Biointerface Res Appl Chem. 2023;13:263. [DOI]
Wang K, Xie S, Ren Y, Xia H, Zhang X, He J. Establishment of a bioluminescent MDA-MB-231 cell line for human triple-negative breast cancer research.Oncol Rep. 2012;27:1981–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fani S, Kamalidehghan B, Lo KM, Nigjeh SE, Keong YS, Dehghan F, et al. Anticancer activity of a monobenzyltin complex C1 against MDA-MB-231 cells through induction of apoptosis and inhibition of breast cancer stem cells.Sci Rep. 2016;6:38992. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Huang Z, Yu P, Tang J. Characterization of triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell spheroid model.Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:5395–405. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kim SW, Kim SJ, Langley RR, Fidler IJ. Modulation of the cancer cell transcriptome by culture media formulations and cell density.Int J Oncol. 2015;46:2067–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bharatam PV, Patel DS, Iqbal P. Pharmacophoric features of biguanide derivatives: an electronic and structural analysis.J Med Chem. 2005;48:7615–22. [DOI] [PubMed]
Campbell RK, White JR, Saulie BA. Metformin: a new oral biguanide.Clin Ther. 1996;18:360–71. [DOI] [PubMed]
Di Magno L, Di Pastena F, Bordone R, Coni S, Canettieri G. The mechanism of action of biguanides: new answers to a complex question.Cancers (Basel). 2022;14:3220. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Klepser TB, Kelly MW. Metformin hydrochloride: an antihyperglycemic agent.Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1997;54:893–903. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hariharan M, Rajan SS, Srinivasan R. Structure of metformin hydrochloride.Acta Cryst C. 1989;45:911–3. [DOI]
Benmessaoud I, Koutchoukali O, Bouhelassa M, Nouar A, Veesler S. Solvent screening and crystal habit of metformin hydrochloride.J Cryst Growth. 2016;451:42–51. [DOI]
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term safety, tolerability, and weight loss associated with metformin in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study.Diabetes Care. 2012;35:731–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
ChemSpider [Internet].London: Royal Society of Chemistry; c2023 [cited 2023 Jul 6]. Available from: https://www.chemspider.com/
Wang L, Yang L, Wen X, Chen Z, Liang Q, Li J, et al. Rapid and high efficiency transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by square-wave electroporation.Biosci Rep. 2019;39:BSR20181210. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kumar R, Srivastava R, Srivastava S. Detection and classification of cancer from microscopic biopsy images using clinically significant and biologically interpretable features.J Med Eng. 2015;2015:457906. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Valley MP, Karassina N, Aoyama N, Carlson C, Cali JJ, Vidugiriene J. A bioluminescent assay for measuring glucose uptake.Anal Biochem. 2016;505:43–50. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kelts JL, Cali JJ, Duellman SJ, Shultz J. Altered cytotoxicity of ROS-inducing compounds by sodium pyruvate in cell culture medium depends on the location of ROS generation.Springerplus. 2015;4:269. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang X, Decker CC, Zechner L, Krstin S, Wink M. In vitro wound healing of tumor cells: inhibition of cell migration by selected cytotoxic alkaloids.BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019;20:4. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Suh YK, Robinson A, Zanghi N, Kratz A, Gustetic A, Crow MM, et al. Introducing wound healing assays in the undergraduate biology laboratory using Ibidi plates.J Microbiol Biol Educ. 2022;23:e00061-22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Suarez-Arnedo A, Figueroa FT, Clavijo C, Arbeláez P, Cruz JC, Muñoz-Camargo C. An image J plugin for the high throughput image analysis of in vitro scratch wound healing assays.PLoS One. 2020;15:e0232565. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lee S, Lee DK. What is the proper way to apply the multiple comparison test?Korean J Anesthesiol. 2018;71:353–60.Erratum in: Korean J Anesthesiol. 2020;73:572. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Deng J, Schoenbach KH, Buescher ES, Hair PS, Fox PM, Beebe SJ. The effects of intense submicrosecond electrical pulses on cells.Biophys J. 2003;84:2709–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Viollet B, Guigas B, Sanz Garcia N, Leclerc J, Foretz M, Andreelli F. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: an overview.Clin Sci (Lond). 2012;122:253–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mukherjee P, Nathamgari SSP, Kessler JA, Espinosa HD. Combined numerical and experimental investigation of localized electroporation-based cell transfection and sampling.ACS Nano. 2018;12:12118–28. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Probst U, Fuhrmann I, Beyer L, Wiggermann P. Electrochemotherapy as a new modality in interventional oncology: a review.Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2018;17:1533033818785329. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Shinoda Y, Matsuzaki T, Yokoo-Sugawara M, Suzuki T, Aoki T, Hagiwara H, et al. Introduction and expression of glucose transporters in pancreatic acinar cells by in vivo electroporation.Acta Histochem Cytochem. 2003;36:77–82.
Scuderi M, Dermol-Černe J, Amaral da Silva C, Muralidharan A, Boukany PE, Rems L. Models of electroporation and the associated transmembrane molecular transport should be revisited.Bioelectrochemistry. 2022;147:108216. [DOI] [PubMed]
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Looking at the structure of cells in the microscope. Molecular biology of the cell 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
Mahmoud L, Cougnoux A, Bekiari C, Araceli Ruiz de Castroviejo Teba P, El Marrahi A, Panneau G, et al. Microscopy-based phenotypic monitoring of MDA-MB-231 spheroids allows the evaluation of phenotype-directed therapy.Exp Cell Res. 2023;425:113527. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jonkman JEN, Cathcart JA, Xu F, Bartolini ME, Amon JE, Stevens KM, et al. An introduction to the wound healing assay using live-cell microscopy.Cell Adh Migr. 2014;8:440–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bravo-Cordero JJ, Hodgson L, Condeelis J. Directed cell invasion and migration during metastasis.Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2012;24:277–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bahar E, Yoon H. Modeling and predicting the cell migration properties from scratch wound healing assay on cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines using artificial neural network.Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9:911. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lord SR, Harris AL. Is it still worth pursuing the repurposing of metformin as a cancer therapeutic?Br J Cancer. 2023;128:958–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Tahiri H, Yang C, Gu M, Ruan X, Hardy P. Overexpression of miR-181a regulates the Warburg effect in triple-negative breast cancer.Climacteric. 2023;26:64–71. [DOI] [PubMed]
Shin E, Koo JS. Glucose metabolism and glucose transporters in breast cancer.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:728759. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Barbosa AM, Martel F. Targeting glucose transporters for breast cancer therapy: the effect of natural and synthetic compounds.Cancers (Basel). 2020;12:154. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ganapathy-Kanniappan S, Geschwind JFH. Tumor glycolysis as a target for cancer therapy: progress and prospects.Mol Cancer. 2013;12:152. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Choi JH, Kim MS. Homeostatic regulation of glucose metabolism by the central nervous system.Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2022;37:9–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sun B, Chen H, Xue J, Li P, Fu X. The role of GLUT2 in glucose metabolism in multiple organs and tissues.Mol Biol Rep. 2023;50:6963–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Post-genomic analysis of fatty acid and glucose metabolism in cardiovascular disease. In Marín-García J, editor. Post-genomic eardiology (second edition). Boston: Academic Press; 2014. pp. 533–59.
Cooper GM. The mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. The cell: a molecular approach 2nd edition. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates; 2000.
Froissart R, Piraud M, Boudjemline AM, Vianey-Saban C, Petit F, Hubert-Buron A, et al. Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency.Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2011;6:27. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Shiratori R, Furuichi K, Yamaguchi M, Miyazaki N, Aoki H, Chibana H, et al. Glycolytic suppression dramatically changes the intracellular metabolic profile of multiple cancer cell lines in a mitochondrial metabolism-dependent manner.Sci Rep. 2019;9:18699. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Guo X, Li X, Yang W, Liao W, Shen JZ, Ai W, et al. Metformin targets foxo1 to control glucose homeostasis.Biomolecules. 2021;11:873. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wheaton WW, Weinberg SE, Hamanaka RB, Soberanes S, Sullivan LB, Anso E, et al. Metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I of cancer cells to reduce tumorigenesis.Elife. 2014;3:e02242. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhao RZ, Jiang S, Zhang L, Yu ZB. Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (Review).Int J Mol Med. 2019;44:3–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V, et al. Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:8416763. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cheung EC, Vousden KH. The role of ROS in tumour development and progression.Nat Rev Cancer. 2022;22:280–97. [DOI] [PubMed]
Liou GY, Storz P. Reactive oxygen species in cancer.Free Radic Res. 2010;44:479–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Diniz Vilela D, Gomes Peixoto L, Teixeira RR, Belele Baptista N, Carvalho Caixeta D, Vieira de Souza A, et al. The role of metformin in controlling oxidative stress in muscle of diabetic rats.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:6978625. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
D’Autréaux B, Toledano MB. ROS as signalling molecules: mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8:813–24. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release.Physiol Rev. 2014;94:909–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Guo C, Sun L, Chen X, Zhang D. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases.Neural Regen Res. 2013;8:2003–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rowe LA, Degtyareva N, Doetsch PW. DNA damage-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;45:1167–77. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Auten RL, Davis JM. Oxygen toxicity and reactive oxygen species: the devil is in the details.Pediatr Res. 2009;66:121–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hamzehloie T, Mojarrad M, Hasanzadeh_Nazarabadi M, Shekouhi S. The role of tumor protein 53 mutations in common human cancers and targeting the murine double minute 2–P53 interaction for cancer therapy.Iran J Med Sci. 2012;37:3–8. [PubMed] [PMC]
Peña-Blanco A, García-Sáez AJ. Bax, Bak and beyond – mitochondrial performance in apoptosis.FEBS J. 2018;285:416–31. [DOI] [PubMed]
