Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

Table 1. List of AGEs studied in cancer so far

Categories of AGEs	AGE modifications identified	References
AGE-modified proteins/DNA	Annexin II Apolipoprotein B100 N²-(1-carboxyethyl)-2’-deoxyguanosine (CEdG)-DNA adducts Collagen type IV Crystallin DNA- and RNA-binding proteins DNA-histone crosslinks Fibrinogen Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) HDL Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) Heat shock proteins (HSPs) Human serum albumin (HSA) Histone proteins (H1, H2A and H2B) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Prohibitin Transcription factors Splicing factors	[15–21]
Low molecular structures produced during glycation	Argpyrimidine Fructosylysine Imidazole Methylglyoxal (MG) lysine dimer Nε carboxy-methyl lysine (CML) Nε carboxy-ethyl lysine (CEL) Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1) Pyrraline Pentosidine	[16, 19, 22, 23]
Unspecified structures formed by alterations with certain glycating agents	Acetaldehyde-derived AGEs Glucose-derived AGEs Glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs Glycoaldehyde-derived AGEs Glyoxal-derived AGEs MG-derived AGEs 3-Deoxyglucosone-derived AGEs	[19, 24–26]

Categories of AGEs

AGE modifications identified

References

AGE-modified proteins/DNA

Annexin II
Apolipoprotein B100
N²-(1-carboxyethyl)-2’-deoxyguanosine (CEdG)-DNA adducts
Collagen type IV
Crystallin
DNA- and RNA-binding proteins
DNA-histone crosslinks
Fibrinogen
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH)
HDL
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C)
Heat shock proteins (HSPs)
Human serum albumin (HSA)
Histone proteins (H1, H2A and H2B)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Prohibitin
Transcription factors
Splicing factors

[15–21]

Low molecular structures produced during glycation

Argpyrimidine
Fructosylysine
Imidazole
Methylglyoxal (MG) lysine dimer
Nε carboxy-methyl lysine (CML)
Nε carboxy-ethyl lysine (CEL)
Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1)
Pyrraline
Pentosidine

[16, 19, 22, 23]

Unspecified structures formed by alterations with certain glycating agents

Acetaldehyde-derived AGEs
Glucose-derived AGEs
Glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs
Glycoaldehyde-derived AGEs
Glyoxal-derived AGEs
MG-derived AGEs
3-Deoxyglucosone-derived AGEs

[19, 24–26]

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MG-H1: MG-derived hydroimidazolone

Declarations

Author contributions

GP: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Validation, Writing—review & editing. SFDP: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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